Omgevingsfactoren en de genetische achtergrond komen samen in het veld van de epigenetica. Invloeden van buitenaf, zoals voeding, leefstijl en de blootstelling aan ongunstige stoffen, hebben invloed op zowel de preconceptie als de zwangerschap en dus op de ontwikkeling van het ongeboren kind en zijn gezondheid op latere leeftijd. Hoe de ouders leven, kan zelfs invloed hebben op de kinderen van hun eventuele toekomstige kleinkinderen.
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