Deel 3 | Lichamelijke oorzaken van overgewicht
Voorkom stoornissen die overgewicht kunnen veroorzaken

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Cora de Fluiter

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Referenties

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    Dietary treatment of obesity is based on one or another of two premises: that the obese eat too much or that they eat the wrong things. Most such interventions produce short-term weight loss. Regain after the end of treatment remains the usual outcome. [Abstract]

  2. Aphramor L. Nutr J. 2010 Jul 20;9:30. Validity of claims made in weight management research: a narrative review of dietetic articles
    The best available evidence demonstrates that conventional weight management has a high long-term failure rate. Dietetic literature on weight management fails to meet the standards of evidence based medicine. [Article]
  3. Katz DL. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:61-88. Competing dietary claims for weight loss: finding the forest through truculent trees
    Evidence that sustainable weight loss is enhanced by means other than caloric restriction, however, is lacking. Whereas short-term weight loss is consistently achieved by any dietary approach to the restriction of choice and thereby calories, lasting weight control is not. [Abstract]
  4. Rössner S. Nord Med. 1990;105(6-7):190-1 Fasting--wrong in obesity?

    Fasting has been advocated as an effective way to reduce body weight. However, few data support any long-term effect of this therapy. On the contrary, evidence is accumulating that the repeated weight loss and concomitant weight gain, typical of fasting in many individuals, will lead to a subsequently higher body weight. Each weight cycle seems to increase the risk of a higher waist/hip ratio, greater metabolic efficiency and a food preference towards fat. All these trends result in further problems associated with weight loss and a vicious circle is established.
    [Abstract]

  5. Willett WC:’The Mediterranean diet: science and practice’;Public Health Nutr.9(1A):105-10, 2006
    Both epidemiologic and metabolic studies suggest that individuals can benefit greatly by adopting elements of Mediterranean diets..[Abstract]
  6. Sofi F, Cesari F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A:’Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis’;BMJ.11;337:a1344. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1344, 2008
    Greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a significant improvement in health status, as seen by a significant reduction in overall mortality (9%), mortality from cardiovascular diseases (9%), incidence of or mortality from cancer (6%), and incidence of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease (13%).[Article]

  7. de Lorgeril M, Salen P:’The mediterranean diet: rationale and evidence for its benefit’;Curr Atheroscler Rep. 10(6):518-22, 2008

    There is now a consensus about recommending the Mediterranean diet pattern for the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cancer. The most important aspect of this treatment decision, in contrast with the pharmacologic prevention of CHD (including cholesterol lowering), is that the Mediterranean diet has a striking effect on survival.[Abstract]

  8. Hardin-Fanning F:’The effects of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern on cardiovascular disease risk’;Nurs Clin North Am.43(1):105-15, 2008
    A Mediterranean-style diet should be recommended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease..[Abstract]
  9. Kris-Etherton P, Eckel RH, Howard BV, St Jeor S, Bazzarre TL:’Benefits of a Mediterranean-style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I Dietary Pattern on Cardiovascular Disease’;Nutrition Committee Population Science Committee and Clinical Science Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation.103(13):1823-5, 2001

    There is provocative evidence from the Lyon Diet Heart Study2 suggesting that a Mediterranean-style, Step I diet (emphasizing more bread, more root vegetables and green vegetables, more fish, less beef, lamb and pork replaced with poultry, no day without fruit, and butter and cream replaced with margarine high in -linolenic acid) has effects that may be superior to those observed for the usual Step I diet.[Article]

  10. Rose Marie Robertson, MD; Lynn Smaha, MD, PhD:’Can a Mediterranean-Style Diet Reduce Heart Disease?’;Circulation 103:1821, 2001
    In this issue of Circulation, the AHA issues a scientific advisory13 stating that a Mediterranean-style diet demonstrates impressive effects on cardiovascular disease.[Article]
  11. Serra-Majem L, Roman B, Estruch R:’Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review’;Nutr Rev.64(2 Pt 2):S27-47, 2006
    The Mediterranean diet showed favorable effects on lipoprotein levels, endothelium vasodilatation, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, antioxidant capacity, myocardial and cardiovascular mortality, and cancer incidence in obese patients and in those with previous myocardial infarction.[Abstract]

  12. RIVM 2004:’Gezonde voeding en leefstijl: ook op hoge leeftijd minder kans op sterfte’;RIVM, 2004
    Ouderen die zgn. Mediterrane voeding gebruiken, leven gemiddeld langer dan generatiegenoten die een ‘gewoon’ voedingspatroon hebben. Mediterrane voeding is rijk aan groenten, fruit, granen, peulvruchten, vis en olijfolie en bevat weinig vlees en zuivelproducten.[Article]
  13. Kim T. B. Knoops, MSc; Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot, PhD; Daan Kromhout, PhD; Anne-Elisabeth Perrin, MD, MSc; Olga Moreiras-Varela, PhD; Alessandro Menotti, MD, PhD; Wija A. van Staveren, PhD:’Mediterranean Diet, Lifestyle Factors, and 10-Year Mortality in Elderly European Men and Women’;JAMA. 292:1433-1439, 2004
    Among individuals aged 70 to 90 years, adherence to a Mediterranean diet and healthful lifestyle is associated with a more than 50% lower rate of all-causes and cause-specific mortality.[Article]
  14. RIVM 2005:’Final report of the HALE (Healthy Ageing: a Longitudinal study in Europe) project.’;RIVM, 2005

    The HALE project has identified several determinants of health and functional status that can be targeted in public health interventions. These include consumption of a Mediterranean type of diet, moderate consumption of alcohol, non-smoking and being physically active. A Mediterranean type of diet decreases coronary mortality by about 40% and all-causes mortality by about 20%.[Article]

  15. Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Giacco R:’ Role of glycemic index and glycemic load in the healthy state, in prediabetes, and in diabetes’;Am J Clin Nutr.87(1):269S-274S, 2008
    In nondiabetic persons, suggestive evidence is available from epidemiologic studies that a diet based on carbohydrate-rich foods with a low-GI, high-fiber content may protect against diabetes or cardiovascular disease. The best evidence of the clinical usefulness of GI is available in diabetic patients in whom low-GI foods have consistently shown beneficial effects on blood glucose control in both the short-term and the long-term.
    .[Article]
  16. Livesey G, Taylor R, Hulshof T, Howlett J:’Glycemic response and health--a systematic review and meta-analysis: relations between dietary glycemic properties and health outcomes’;Am J Clin Nutr.87(1):258S-268S, 2008
    Insulin sensitivity according to a variety of measurement methods was improved by lower GI, higher unavailable carbohydrate interventions in persons with type 2 diabetes, in overweight and obese persons, and in all studies combined.[Article]

  17. Jennie Brand-Miller, PhD, Joanna McMillan-Price, PhD, Katherine Steinbeck, MD, PhD and Ian Caterson, MD, PhD:’Dietary Glycemic Index: Health Implications’;J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Aug;28 Suppl:446S-449S
    A large body of evidence, which now comprises observational prospective cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and mechanistic experiments in animal models, provides robust support for low GI carbohydrate diets in the prevention of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.[Abstract]
  18. ‘Tabel van glycemische indexen’
    De glycemische index van een koolhydraat is een getal wat aangeeft hoe sterk de glucosespiegel in het bloed omhoog gaat na het eten van een voedingsmiddel. Hoe lager het getal hoe beter.[Article]
  19. Thomas D, Elliott EJ. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD006296. Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus

    A low-GI diet can improve glycaemic control in diabetes without compromising hypoglycaemic events.[Abstract]

  20. Johnston CS, Day CS, Swan PD:’Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women’;J Am Coll Nutr.21(1):55-61, 2002
    These data indicate an added energy-cost associated with high-protein, low-fat diets and may help explain the efficacy of such diets for weight loss.[Article]
  21. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, van Ooijen M, Kovacs EM. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Jan;28(1):57-64. High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans
    A 20% higher protein intake, that is, 18% of energy vs 15% of energy during weight maintenance after weight loss, resulted in a 50% lower body weight regain, only consisting of fat-free mass, and related to increased satiety and decreased energy efficiency.[Abstract]

  22. Halton TL, Hu FB. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):373-85 The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review
    There is convincing evidence that a higher protein intake increases thermogenesis and satiety compared to diets of lower protein content. The weight of evidence also suggests that high protein meals lead to a reduced subsequent energy intake.[Article]
  23. Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003 Nov;6(6):635-8 The significance of protein in food intake and body weight regulation
    Protein is more satiating than carbohydrate and fat in the short term, over 24 h and in the long term. Thermogenesis plays a role in this satiety effect, but the role of satiety hormones still needs to be elucidated. On the short-term 'fast' proteins are more satiating than 'slow' proteins, and animal protein induces a higher thermogenesis than vegetable protein.[Abstract]
  24. Mayurasakorn K, Srisura W, Sitphahul P, Hongto PO:’High-density lipoprotein cholesterol changes after continuous egg consumption in healthy adults’;J Med Assoc Thai.91(3):400-7, 2008

    In the majority of healthy adults, an addition of one egg per day to a normal fat diet could raise HDL-c levels and decreased the ratio of TC toHDL-c. Therefore, egg consumption might benefit blood cholesterol.[Abstract]

  25. Mutungi G, Ratliff J, Puglisi M, Torres-Gonzalez M, Vaishnav U, Leite JO, Quann E, Volek JS, Fernandez ML:’Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases plasma HDL cholesterol in overweight men consuming a carbohydrate-restricted diet’;J Nutr.138(2):272-6, 2008
    These results suggest that including eggs in a CRD results in increased HDL-C while decreasing the risk factors associated with MetS.[Abstract]
  26. Vander Wal JS, Gupta A, Khosla P, Dhurandhar NV:’Egg breakfast enhances weight loss’;Int J Obes (Lond).32(10):1545-51, 2008
    The egg breakfast enhances weight loss, when combined with an energy-deficit diet, but does not induce weight loss in a free-living condition. The inclusion of eggs in a weight management program may offer a nutritious supplement to enhance weight loss.[Article]

  27. Vander Wal JS, Marth JM, Khosla P, Jen KL, Dhurandhar NV:’Short-term effect of eggs on satiety in overweight and obese subjects’;J Am Coll Nutr.24(6):510-5, 2005
    Compared to an isocaloric, equal weight bagel-based breakfast, the egg-breakfast induced greater satiety and significantly reduced short-term food intake. The potential role of a routine egg breakfast in producing a sustained caloric deficit and consequent weight loss, should be determined.[Article]
  28. Voedingscentrum Eet veel groente, fruit en brood
    Zie berekening Schijf van vijf voor jouw[Article]
  29. NDF Richtlijnen en adviezen

    Dit artikel kan alleen worden gedownload. Selecteer de link "NDF Voedingsrichtlijnen bij diabetes 2010". Zie tabel 2 :Gemiddelde aanbevolen hoeveelheid voedingsmiddelen per dag.[Overzicht]. [Overzicht]

  30. Liu S:’Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease’;J Am Coll Nutr.21(4):298-306, 2002
    These data are consistent with results from recent metabolic experiments, suggesting favorable lipid profiles and glycemic control associated with higher intake of whole grains, but not with refined grains. It seems prudent, therefore, to distinguish whole-grain rather than refined-grain cereal products for the prevention of chronic diseases.[Article]
  31. ‘Tabel van glycemische indexen’
    De glycemische index van een koolhydraat is een getal wat aangeeft hoe sterk de glucosespiegel in het bloed omhoog gaat na het eten van een voedingsmiddel. Hoe lager het getal hoe beter.[Article]

  32. Murtaugh MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Jacob B, Steffen LM, Marquart L:’Epidemiological support for the protection of whole grains against diabetes’;Proc Nutr Soc.62(1):143-9, 2003
    Intake of wholegrain foods may reduce diabetes risk. Three prospective studies in 160000 men and women examined the relationship of whole-grain or cereal-fibre intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Risk for incident type 2 diabetes was 21-27% lower for those in the highest quintile of whole-grain intake, and 30-36% lower in the highest quintile of cereal-fibre intake, each compared with the lowest quintile.[Article]
  33. Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D’Agostino RB Jr, Mayer-Davis EJ:’Whole-grain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study’;Am J Clin Nutr.78(5):965-71, 2003
    Higher intakes of whole grains were associated with increases in insulin sensitivity.[Article]
  34. Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM:’Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity’;Am J Clin Nutr.79(4):537-43, 2004

    The consumption of HFCS increased > 1000% between 1970 and 1990, far exceeding the changes in intake of any other food or food group. Thus, the increase in consumption of HFCS has a temporal relation to the epidemic of obesity, and the overconsumption of HFCS in calorically sweetened beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.[Article]

  35. Lustig RH. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 Sep;110(9):1307-21. Fructose: metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol
    Rates of fructose consumption continue to rise nationwide and have been linked to rising rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. [Abstract]
  36. Robert H. Lustig, MD Sugar: The Bitter Truth
    Robert H. Lustig, MD, UCSF Professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Endocrinology, explores the damage caused by sugary foods. He argues that fructose (too much) and fiber (not enough) appear to be cornerstones of the obesity epidemic through their effects on insulin. [Movie]

  37. Dekker MJ, Su Q, Baker C, Rutledge AC, Adeli K. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Nov;299(5):E685-94 Fructose: a highly lipogenic nutrient implicated in insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and the metabolic syndrome
    As dietary exposure to fructose has increased over the past 40 years, there is growing concern that high fructose consumption in humans may be in part responsible for the rising incidence of obesity worldwide. [Abstract]
  38. Bray GA. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2010 Feb;21(1):51-7. Soft drink consumption and obesity: it is all about fructose
    Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has increased steadily over the past century and with this increase has come more and more reports associating their use with the risk of overweight, diabetes and cardiometabolic disease.`The present review concludes on the basis of the data assembled here that in the amounts currently consumed, fructose is hazardous to the cardiometabolic health of many children, adolescents and adults.[Abstract]
  39. Bray GA. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Dec;32 Suppl 7:S127-31. Fructose: should we worry?

    The increase in obesity in the last 35 years has paralleled the increasing use of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), which first appeared just before 1970. Current soft drinks and many other foods are sweetened with this product because it is inexpensive and has useful manufacturing properties. [Abstract]

  40. Teff KL, Elliott SS, Tschöp M, Kieffer TJ, Rader D, Heiman M, Townsend RR, Keim NL, D'Alessio D, Havel PJ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2963-72. Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women
    Because insulin and leptin, and possibly ghrelin, function as key signals to the central nervous system in the long-term regulation of ener
    gy balance, decreases of circulating insulin and leptin and increased ghrelin concentrations, as demonstrated in this study, could lead to increased caloric intake and ultimately contribute to weight gain and obesity during chronic consumption of diets high in fructose.
    [Article]
  41. Havel PJ. Nutr Rev. 2005 May;63(5):133-57. Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism
    Fructose intake and the prevalence of obesity have both increased over the past two to three decades. Compared with glucose, the hepatic metabolism of fructose favors lipogenesis, which may contribute to hyperlipidemia and obesity. Fructose does not increase insulin and leptin or suppress ghrelin, which suggests an endocrine mechanism by which it induces a positive energy balance. [Abstract]

  42. Scarpace PJ, Zhang Y. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009 Mar;296(3):R493-500. Leptin resistance: a prediposing factor for diet-induced obesity
    Similarly, chronic dietary fructose consumption evokes a leptin resistance that causes obesity only upon HF exposure.
    [Article]
  43. Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ:’Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome’;Am J Clin Nutr.76(5):911-22, 2002
    Although there are existing data on the metabolic and endocrine effects of dietary fructose that suggest that increased consumption of fructose may be detrimental in terms of body weight and adiposity and the metabolic indexes associated with the insulin resistance syndrome, much more research is needed to fully understand the metabolic effect of dietary fructose in humans.[Article]
  44. Miller A, Adeli K:’Dietary fructose and the metabolic syndrome’;Curr Opin Gastroenterol.24(2):204-9, 2008

    There is much evidence from both animal models and human studies supporting the notion that fructose is a highly lipogenic nutrient that, when consumed in high quantities, contributes to tissue insulin insensitivity, metabolic defects, and the development of a prediabetic state. Recently evidence has helped to decipher the mechanisms involved in these metabolic changes.[Abstract]

  45. Rutledge AC, Adeli K:’Fructose and the metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms’;Nutr Rev.65(6 Pt 2):S13-23, 2007>
    Emerging evidence suggests that increased dietary consumption of fructose in Western society may be a potentially important factor in the growing rates of obesity and the metabolic syndrome..[Abstract]
  46. Miller A, Adeli K:’Dietary fructose and the metabolic syndrome’;Curr Opin Gastroenterol.24(2):204-9’2008
    There is much evidence from both animal models and human studies supporting the notion that fructose is a highly lipogenic nutrient that, when consumed in high quantities, contributes to tissue insulin insensitivity, metabolic defects, and the development of a prediabetic state. Recently evidence has helped to decipher the mechanisms involved in these metabolic changes.[Abstract]

  47. Schrezenmeir J, Jagla A:’Cow’s milk and immune-mediated diabetes’;J Am Coll Nutr.19(2 Suppl):176S-190S, 200
    Type 1 diabetes is based on autoimmunity, and its development is in part determined by environmental factors. Among those, milk intake is discussed as playing a pathogenic role. Geographical and temporal relations between type 1 diabetes prevalence and cow’s milk consumption have been found in ecological studies.[Abstract]
  48. Vaarala O:’Is type 1 diabetes a disease of the gut immune system triggered by cow’s milk insulin?’;Adv Exp Med Biol.569:151-6, 2005
    The role of the gut immune system in the development of autoimmune type 1 diabetes is evaluated in this review with special emphasis in the hypothesis suggesting that dietary cow’s milk insulin could trigger beta-cell autoimmunity when the mechanisms of oral tolerance are disturbed.[Abstract]
  49. Dahl-Jørgensen K, Joner G, Hanssen KF:’Relationship between cows’ milk consumption and incidence of IDDM in childhood’;Diabetes Care.14(11):1081-3, 1991

    The results support the hypothesis that cows’ milk may contain a triggering factor for the development of IDDM.[Abstract]

  50. Fava D, Leslie RD, Pozzilli P:’Relationship between dairy product consumption and incidence of IDDM in childhood in Italy’;Diabetes Care.17(12):1488-90, 1994
    The results indicate that there is a relationship, even in a single country, between dairy product consumption and the incidence of IDDM that is confined to fluid milk consumption. Cows’ milk may contain a triggering factor for the development of diabetes, but the high incidence of IDDM in Sardinia and in other countries worldwide cannot be explained simply by the quantity of fluid cows’ milk consumed.[Abstract]
  51. Knip M:’Can type-1 diabetes in children be prevented’;Nord Med.107(8-9):207-10, 1992
    Both experimental and epidemiologic data indicate that nutritional cow milk exposure early in life may play a critical role in the initiation of beta-cell destruction.[Abstract]

  52. Ouyang X, Cirillo P, Sautin Y, McCall S, Bruchette JL, Diehl AM, Johnson RJ, Abdelmalek MF:’Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease’;J Hepatol.48(6):993-9, 2008
    The pathogenic mechanism underlying the development of NAFLD may be associated with excessive dietary fructose consumption.[Abstract]
  53. Nöthlings U, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN:’Dietary glycemic load, added sugars, and carbohydrates as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study’;Am J Clin Nutr. 86(5):1495-501, 2007
    High fructose and sucrose intakes may play a role in pancreatic cancer etiology. Conditions such as overweight or obesity in which a degree of insulin resistance may be present may also be important.[Article]
  54. Taylor EN, Curhan GC:’Fructose consumption and the risk of kidney stones’;Kidney Int.73(2):207-12, 2008

    We documented 4902 incident kidney stones during a combined 48 years of follow-up. The multivariate relative risks of kidney stones significantly increased for participants in the highest compared to the lowest quintile of total-fructose intake for all three study groups.[Article]

  55. Griguol Chulich VI, León-Camacho M, Vicario Romero IM:’Margarine’s trans-fatty acid composition: modifications during the last decades and new trends’;Arch Latinoam Nutr.55(4):367-73, 2005
    Trans fatty acids isomers are formed during the hydrogenation process used in the food industry to harden oils. In the last decades there has been a great controversy about the consumption of margarine due to the levels of trans fatty acids they contain.[Abstract]
  56. Mozaffarian D:’ Trans fatty acids - effects on systemic inflammation and endothelial function’;Atheroscler Suppl.7(2):29-32, 2006
    Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) predicts higher risk of coronary heart disease, sudden death, and possibly diabetes mellitus. These associations are greater than would be predicted by effects of TFA on serum lipoproteins alone.[Abstract]

  57. Mozaffarian D, Willett WC:’Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular risk: a unique cardiometabolic imprint?’;Curr Atheroscler Rep.9(6):486-93, 2007
    Prospective observational studies demonstrate strong positive associations between TFA consumption and risk of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, and sudden death.[Abstract]
  58. Chajès V, Thiébaut AC, Rotival M, Gauthier E, Maillard V, Boutron-Ruault MC, Joulin V, Lenoir GM, Clavel-Chapelon F:’Association between serum trans-monounsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk in the E3N-EPIC Study’;Am J Epidemiol.1;167(11):1312-20, 2008
    A high serum level of trans-monounsaturated fatty acids, presumably reflecting a high intake of industrially processed foods, is probably one factor contributing to increased risk of invasive breast cancer in women.[Abstract]
  59. Salmerón J, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Willett WC:’Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women’;Am J Clin Nutr.73(6):1019-26, 2001

    These data suggest that total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in women, but that trans fatty acids increase and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk.[Article]

  60. Micha R, Mozaffarian D:’Trans fatty acids: effects on metabolic syndrome, heart disease and diabetes’;Nat Rev Endocrinol.5(6):335-44, 2009
    The major dietary sources of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in most countries are partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. TFA consumption is a modifiable dietary risk factor for metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease. TFA consumption causes metabolic dysfunction: it adversely affects circulating lipid levels, triggers systemic inflammation, induces endothelial dysfunction, and, according to some studies, increases visceral adiposity, body weight, and insulin resistance.[Abstract]
  61. Dorfman SE, Laurent D, Gounarides JS, Li X, Mullarkey TL, Rocheford EC, Sari-Sarraf F, Hirsch EA, Hughes TE, Commerford SR:’ Metabolic implications of dietary trans-fatty acids’;Obesity (Silver Spring).17(6):1200-7, 2009
    These findings imply that trans-fatty acids may alter nutrient handling in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle and that the mechanism by which trans-fatty acids induce insulin resistance differs from diets enriched with saturated fats.[Abstract]

  62. Bray GA, Lovejoy JC, Smith SR, DeLany JP, Lefevre M, Hwang D, Ryan DH:’The influence of different fats and fatty acids on obesity, insulin resistance and inflamation’;York DA. J Nutr.132(9):2488-91, 2002
    Clinical studies show that trans fatty acids can increase insulin resistance and that exercise can enhance the rate of adaptation to a high fat diet by increasing the rate of fat oxidation.[Artice]
  63. Gezondheid Raad:’Enkele belangrijke ontwikkelingen in de voedselconsumptie’
    Ook de samenstelling van de vetzuren in de voeding vertoonde een gunstige ontwikkeling: het percentage verzadigde vetzuren en transvetzuren nam af tot respectievelijk ongeveer 14% en 1,7%. Toch is de inname nog steeds hoger dan de 10% en 0,8% die vanuit gezondheidskundig oogpunt aanvaardbaar wordt geacht. De veranderingen in consumptie hebben van 1987 tot 1997 geleid tot een verminderde inname van vitamines (vooral A, E, D en foliumzuur) en mineralen (zoals ijzer).[Article]
  64. Liga Bisquits:’Evergreen Appel, Het voedzame en verantwoorde tussendoortje’

    Transvet: LIGA EverGreen bevat niet meer dan 1 g transvet per 100 g.[Article]

  65. 2004 Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven Ons eten gemetenGezonde voeding en veilig voedselin Nederland
    Vezelrijke voeding is belangrijker in het voorkómen van overgewicht dan een vetarme voeding.[Article]
  66. Rigaud D, Paycha F, Meulemans A, Merrouche M, Mignon M. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr;52(4):239-45 Effect of psyllium on gastric emptying, hunger feeling and food intake in normal volunteers: a double blind study
    Psyllium reduces hunger feelings and energy intake in normal volunteers at reasonable dose and without requiring mixing with the meal. It does not act by slowing down the gastric emptying of hydrosoluble nutrients, but by increase in the time allowed for intestinal absorption, as suggested by the flattening of the postprandial serum glucose, insulin and triglycerides curves.[Abstract]

  67. Gezondheidsraad, 2006; publicatie nr 2006/03. ISBN 90-5549-589-1 Richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie

    Voedingsvezels zijn delen van planten die door de mens niet worden verteerd. Ze hebben een gunstige invloed op de gezondheid. Voor twee effecten bestaat overtuigend wetenschappelijk bewijs: voldoende inname leidt tot een betere darmwerking en beschermt tegen hartziekten. Op basis van deze kennis formuleert de Gezondheidsraad nu een nieuwe richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie. Voor volwassenen luidt die: 3,4 gram voedingsvezel per megajoule (14 gram per 1000 kilocalorieën), wat neerkomt op 30 tot 40 gram per dag. Deze richtlijn betreft vezels die van nature voorkomen in voedingsmiddelen. Op dit moment komt negentig procent van de Nederlandse bevolking niet aan de hoeveelheid voedingsvezel die in de richtlijn is verwoord.[Article]

  68. Minister Hoogervorst van Volksgezondheid:’Nieuwe richtlijn vezelconsumptie’;kamerstukken, 2006
    Met een gerichte aandacht voor de consumptie van voedingsvezels wil ik bereiken dat in 2010 minimaal 20% van de Nederlanders voldoet aan de richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie.[Article]
  69. Voorlichtingsbureau Brood
    Witbrood levert 0,8gram voedingsvezel per portie, bruinbrood 1,8 gram per portie en volkorenbrood 2,3 gram per portie.[Article]

  70. Marlett JA, McBurney MI, Slavin JL; American Dietetic Association. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Jul;102(7):993-1000 Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber
    Dietary fiber consists of the structural and storage polysaccharides and lignin in plants that are not digested in the human stomach and small intestine. A wealth of information supports the American Dietetic Association position that the public should consume adequate amounts of dietary fiber from a variety of plant foods. Recommended intakes, 20-35 g/day for healthy adults and age plus 5 g/day for children, are not being met, because intakes of good sources of dietary fiber, fruits, vegetables, whole and high-fiber grain products, and legumes are low.[Abstract]
  71. Gezondheidsraad, 2006; publicatie nr 2006/03. ISBN 90-5549-589-1 Richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie

    Voedingsvezels zijn delen van planten die door de mens niet worden verteerd. Ze hebben een gunstige invloed op de gezondheid. Voor twee effecten bestaat overtuigend wetenschappelijk bewijs: voldoende inname leidt tot een betere darmwerking en beschermt tegen hartziekten. Op basis van deze kennis formuleert de Gezondheidsraad nu een nieuwe richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie. Voor volwassenen luidt die: 3,4 gram voedingsvezel per megajoule (14 gram per 1000 kilocalorieën), wat neerkomt op 30 tot 40 gram per dag. Deze richtlijn betreft vezels die van nature voorkomen in voedingsmiddelen. Op dit moment komt negentig procent van de Nederlandse bevolking niet aan de hoeveelheid voedingsvezel die in de richtlijn is verwoord.[Article]

  72. Voedingscentrum:’Smeersel met weinig vet zijn de beste keuze’

    Het Voorlichtingsbureau Margarine, Vetten en Oliën (MVO) is een campagne gestart om het besmeren van brood te promoten. Onder het motto ‘Een boterham is gezond, maar een boterham met margarine is gezonder’ wordt aangegeven dat het besmeren van brood een belangrijke bijdrage levert aan een gezond eetpatroon. Het Voedingscentrum is het daarmee eens, maar geeft daarbij de voorkeur aan smeersels met zo min mogelijk vet. Die bevatten weinig verzadigd vet én leveren minder calorieën.[Article]

  73. Becel product informatie
    Voedingswaarde per 100 gram: - verzadigd 12 g - trans < 1 g[Article]
  74. Gb Plange Introductieactie Gb Plange: Scoren met VollerKoren
    In VollerKoren zit liefst 35% meer voedingsvezels dan in gewoon volkoren brood. VollerKoren is iets donkerder en voller van smaak dan volkorenbrood.[Article]

  75. Rigaud D, Paycha F, Meulemans A, Merrouche M, Mignon M. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr;52(4):239-45 Effect of psyllium on gastric emptying, hunger feeling and food intake in normal volunteers: a double blind study
    Psyllium reduces hunger feelings and energy intake in normal volunteers at reasonable dose and without requiring mixing with the meal. It does not act by slowing down the gastric emptying of hydrosoluble nutrients, but by increase in the time allowed for intestinal absorption, as suggested by the flattening of the postprandial serum glucose, insulin and triglycerides curves.[Abstract]
  76. Bergmann JF, Chassany O, Petit A, Triki R, Caulin C, Segrestaa JM. Gut. 1992 Aug;33(8):1042-3 Correlation between echographic gastric emptying and appetite: influence of psyllium
    Psyllium significantly delayed gastric emptying from the third hour after a meal. It increased the sensation of satiety and decreased hunger at the sixth hour after the meal.[Article]
  77. Brennan CS. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005 Jun;49(6):560-70. Dietary fibre, glycaemic response, and diabetes

    Particular interest has focused on the use of dietary fibres, especially soluble dietary fibres (such as guar gum, locust bean gum, and psyllium fibres), resistant starch, and slowly digestible carbohydrates. These have been shown to alter food structure, texture, and viscosity, and hence the rate of starch degradation during digestion. Research has also illustrated an association between the rate of carbohydrate degradation during digestion, and the regulation of postprandial blood sugar and insulin levels. [Abstract]

  78. Mello VD, Laaksonen DE. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009 Dietary fibers: current trends and health benefits in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes
    In contrast, in postprandial studies, meals containing sufficiently quantities of beta-glucan, psyllium, or guar gum have decreased insulin and glucose responses in both healthy individuals and patients with T2DM.[Abstract]
  79. Trepel F. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2004 Aug 31;116(15-16):511-22. Dietary fibre: more than a matter of dietetics. II. Preventative and therapeutic uses
    Purified dietary fibres such as cellulose, guar, psyllium, and beta-glucan have an anti-diabetic, all viscous fibres an anti-lipaemic effect. The therapeutic dosages of dietary fibre preparations are 20-40 g/day and of purified fibres substances 10-20 g/day respectively.[Abstract]

  80. Voedingscentrum:’Vetwijzer’
    verzadigd vet = verkeerd, onverzadigd vet = oké.[Article]
  81. Hennig B, Meerarani P, Ramadass P, Watkins BA, Toborek M:’Fatty acid-mediated activation of vascular endothelial cells.’;Metabolism.49(8):1006-13, 2000
    Furthermore, linoleic acid and other omega-6 fatty acids appear to be the most proinflammatory and possibly atherogenic fatty acids.[Abstract]
  82. Viswanathan S, Hammock BD, Newman JW, Meerarani P, Toborek M, Hennig B:’Involvement of CYP 2C9 in mediating the proinflammatory effects of linoleic acid in vascular endothelial cells’;J Am Coll Nutr.22(6):502-10, 2003

    Our data show that CYP 2C9 plays a key role in linoleic acid-induced oxidative stress and subsequent proinflammatory events in vascular endothelial cells by possibly causing superoxide generation through uncoupling processes.[Article]

  83. Toborek M, Hennig B:’The role of linoleic acid in endothelial cell gene expression. Relationship to atherosclerosis’;Subcell Biochem.30:415-36, 1998
    There is evidence that linoleic acid plays a critical role in gene expression and vascular function as it relates to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.[Abstract]
  84. Hennig B, Toborek M, McClain CJ:’High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis’;J Am Coll Nutr.20(2 Suppl):97-105, 2001
    Our studies suggest that omega-6 fatty acids, and especially linoleic acid, cause endothelial cell dysfunction most markedly as well as can potentiate TNF-mediated endothelial cell injury. We propose that high-energy diets, and especially diets rich in linoleic acid, are atherogenic by contributing to an imbalance in cellular oxidative stress/antioxidant status of the endothelium, which can lead to activation of oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors, inflammatory cytokine production and the expression of adhesion molecules.[Article]

  85. Dichtl W, Ares MP, Jönson AN, Jovinge S, Pachinger O, Giachelli CM, Hamsten A, Eriksson P, Nilsson J:’Linoleic acid-stimulated vascular adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells depends on nuclear factor-kappaB activation’;Metabolism.51(3):327-33, 2002
    These findings suggest that diets rich in linoleic acid may be proinflammatory and thus atherogenic by activating vascular endothelial cells.[Abstract]
  86. Simopoulos AP:’Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases’;Biomed Pharmacother.60(9):502-7, 2006
    Anthropological and epidemiological studies and studies at the molecular level indicate that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1 to 16.7/1. A high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today’s Western diets, promotes the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects.[Abstract]
  87. Simopoulos AP:’The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases’;Exp Biol Med (Maywood).233(6):674-88, 2008

    Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries.[Article]

  88. Wertz PW:’ Essential fatty acids and dietary stress’;Toxicol Ind Health.25(4-5):279-83, 2009
    The imbalanced consumption of the two families of essential fatty acids contributes to a range of diseases. Greater awareness of this problem is leading to increased use of dietary supplements and new products intended to decrease omega-6 consumption while increasing omega-3 intake.[Abstract]
  89. Calder PC:’Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammatory processes and inflammatory bowel diseases’;Mol Nutr Food Res.52(8):885-97, 2008
    With regard to inflammatory processes, the main fatty acids of interest are the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA), which is the precursor of inflammatory eicosanoids like prostaglandin E(2) and leukotriene B(4), and the n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are found in oily fish and fish oils. EPA and DHA inhibit AA metabolism to inflammatory eicosanoids.[Article]

  90. Simopoulos AP:’Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases’;J Am Coll Nutr.21(6):495-505, 2002
    Animal experiments and clinical intervention studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, might be useful in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Coronary heart disease, major depression, aging and cancer are characterized by an increased level of interleukin 1 (IL-1), a proinflammatory cytokine. Similarly, arthritis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and lupus erythematosis are autoimmune diseases characterized by a high level of IL-1 and the proinflammatory leukotriene LTB(4) produced by omega-6 fatty acids.
    .[Article]
  91. Margioris AN:’Fatty acids and postprandial inflammation’;Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.12(2):129-37, 2009
    In this review, we will summarize all experimental evidence suggesting that the two families of PUFA appear to have antagonistic effects on postprandial inflammation, n-3 PUFA being anti-inflammatory while n-6 PUFA proinflammatory.[Abstract]
  92. Delarue J, LeFoll C, Corporeau C, Lucas D:’N-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity?’;Reprod Nutr Dev.44(3):289-99, 2004

    In rodents in vivo, n-3 LC-PUFA have a protective effect against high fat diet induced insulin resistance. These effects are encouraging in the perspective of prevention of insulin resistance but further clinical and basic studies must be designed to confirm and complete our knowledge in this field.[Abstract]

  93. Ramel A, Martinéz A, Kiely M, Morais G, Bandarra NM, Thorsdottir I:’Beneficial effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids included in an energy-restricted diet on insulin resistance in overweight and obese European young adults.’;Diabetologia.51(7):1261-8, 2008
    LC n-3 PUFA consumption during energy reduction exerts positive effects on insulin resistance in young overweight individuals, independently from changes in body weight, triacylglycerol, erythrocyte membrane or adiponectin.[Abstract]
  94. Weickert MO, Möhlig M, Schöfl C, Arafat AM, Otto B, Viehoff H, Koebnick C, Kohl A, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF:’Cereal fiber improves whole-body insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese women’;Diabetes Care.29(4):775-80, 2006
    After consumption of nine macronutrient-matched portions of fiber-enriched bread (white bread enriched with 31.2 g insoluble fiber/day) or control (white bread) over a time period of 72 h, whole-body insulin sensitivity was assessed by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Increased insoluble dietary fiber intake for 3 days significantly improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. These data suggest a potential mechanism linking cereal fiber intake and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.[Article]

  95. Voedingscentrum:’Becel Keuken Light van Unilever’;2008
    In Becel Keuken Light zitten aanzienlijk minder calorieën en verzadigd vet dan in reguliere vloeibare bak- en braadproducten. Daarnaast levert dit product essentiële vetzuren zoals n-3 vetzuren.[Article]
  96. Unilever Becel:’Becel keuken light Voedingswaarde per 100 gram’
    - meervoudig onverzadigd 29 g - omega-6 (linolzuur) 25 g - omega-3 (alfa-linoleenzuur) 4,5 g.[Article]
  97. Unilever Becel:’Becel omega 3 plus Voedingswaarde per 100 gram’

    - meervoudig onverzadigd waarvan: 21 g - Omega 6 (linolzuur) 16,3 g - Omega-3: 3,75 g, waarvan - EPA + DHA: 750 mg - alfa-linoleenzuur: 3 g.[Article]

  98. VWS Nota overgewicht 23 maart 2009
    Steeds meer levensmiddelenfabrikanten maken gebruik van logo’s op de verpakking, zoals het ‘Ik Kies Bewust-logo’ of het ‘Gezonde Keuze Klavertje’. Dergelijke logo’s helpen consumenten om de gezondere keuze binnen één productgroep te maken. Uniformiteit en wetenschappelijke onderbouwing van de gehanteerde criteria zijn belangrijk. De afgifte van het logo dient op dat punt transparant te zijn.[Article]
  99. Yang Q. Yale J Biol Med. 2010 Jun;83(2):101-8. Gain weight by "going diet?" Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings: Neuroscience 2010
    A rise in the percent of the population who are obese coincides with an increase in the widespread use of non-caloric artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame (e.g., Diet Coke) and sucralose (e.g., Pepsi One), in food products (Figure 1). While people often choose "diet" or "light" products to lose weight, research studies suggest that artificial sweeteners may contribute to weight gain[Article]
  100. Brown RJ, de Banate MA, Rother KI. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010 Aug;5(4):305-12. Artificial sweeteners: a systematic review of metabolic effects in youth
    Epidemiological data have demonstrated an association between artificial sweetener use and weight gain. Evidence of a causal relationship linking artificial sweetener use to weight gain and other metabolic health effects is limited. However, recent animal studies provide intriguing information that supports an active metabolic role of artificial sweeteners. [Article]
  101. Swithers SE, Martin AA, Davidson T Physiol Behav. 2010 Apr 26;100(1):55-62. High-intensity sweeteners and energy balance
    Recent epidemiological evidence points to a link between a variety of negative health outcomes (e.g. metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular disease) and the consumption of both calorically sweetened beverages and beverages sweetened with high-intensity, non-caloric sweeteners.[Abstract]
  102. Swithers SE, Davidson TL. Behav Neurosci. 2008 Feb;122(1):161-73. A role for sweet taste: calorie predictive relations in energy regulation by rats

    We found that reducing the correlation between sweet taste and the caloric content of foods using artificial sweeteners in rats resulted in increased caloric intake, increased body weight, and increased adiposity, as well as diminished caloric compensation and blunted thermic responses to sweet-tasting diets. These results suggest that consumption of products containing artificial sweeteners may lead to increased body weight and obesity by interfering with fundamental homeostatic, physiological processes. [Abstract]

  103. Owusu W, Willett WC, Feskanich D, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA:’Calcium intake and the incidence of forearm and hip fractures among men’;J Nutr.127(9):1782-7, 1997
    In conclusion, these results do not support a relation between calcium intake and the incidence of forearm or hip fractures in men.[Article]
  104. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA:’Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women’; American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 77, No. 2, 504-511, 2003
    An adequate vitamin D intake is associated with a lower risk of osteoporotic hip fractures in postmenopausal women. Neither milk nor a high-calcium diet appears to reduce risk. Because women commonly consume less than the recommended intake of vitamin D, supplement use or dark fish consumption may be prudent.[Article]

  105. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA:’Milk, dietary calcium, and bone fractures in women: a 12-year prospective study’;Am J Public Health.87(6):992-7, 1997
    Women who drank two or more glasses of milk per day had relative risks of 1.45 for hip fracture (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87, 2.43) and 1.05 for forearm fracture (95% CI = 0.88, 1.25) when compared with women consuming one glass or less per week. Likewise, higher intakes of total dietary calcium or calcium from dairy foods were not associated with decreased risk of hip or forearm fracture.These data do not support the hypothesis that higher consumption of milk or other food sources of calcium by adult women protects against hip or forearm fractures.[Article]
  106. Gezondheidsraad: Voedingsnormen: calcium, vitamine D, thiamine, riboflavine, niacine, pantotheenzuur en biotin
    Omdat een overmatige calciuminneming de snelheid van botombouw verlaagt, acht de
    commissie het bovendien niet uitgesloten dat dit tot een minder sterke botstructuur leidt.[Article]
  107. Voedingscentrum:De Schijf van Vijf

    Gezond eten levert de voedingsstoffen die nodig zijn om het lichaam gezond te houden. Elk voedingsmiddel bevat verschillende voedingsstoffen in wisselende hoeveelheden. Door gevarieerd te eten, is de kans het grootst dat je voldoende van alle voedingsstoffen binnenkrijgt. [Article]

  108. Gezondheidsraad:’Naar een toerijkende inname van vitamine D’;Samenvatting, 30 september 2008
    Naar een toereikende inname van vitamine D. Een onvoldoende vitamine D-status komt onder alle lagen van de Nederlandse bevolking voor. Het percentage is daarbij hoger aan het einde van de winter dan aan het einde van de zomer (tabel 1).[Article]
  109. Jackson MJ, Dillon SA, Broome CS, McArdle A, Hart CA, McArdle F:’Are there functional consequences of a reduction in selenium intake in UK subjects?’;Proc Nutr Soc.63(4):513-7, 2004
    Dietary Se levels in the UK have fallen over the last 20 years and recent surveys indicate that average Se intakes are 30-40 microg/d, which is well below the current UK reference nutrient intake for adult men (75 microg/d) or women (60 microg/d). Data indicate that subjects given small Se supplements (50 or 100 microg Se/d) have changes in the activity of Se-dependent enzymes and evidence of improved immune function and clearance of an administered live attenuated virus in the form of poliovirus vaccine.[Abstract]

  110. Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM:’Dietary chromium intake. Freely chosen diets, institutional diet, and individual foods’;Biol Trace Elem Res.32:117-21, 1992
    In summary, chromium content of individual foods varies, and is dependent upon chromium introduced in the growing, transport, processing, and fortification of the food. Even well-balanced diets may contain suboptimal levels of dietary chromium.[Abstract]
  111. Kumpulainen JT:’Chromium content of foods and diets’;Biol Trace Elem Res.32:9-18, 1992
    In many developing countries, such as Brazil, the Sudan, and Iran, the dietary intake is high, from 50-100 micrograms/d, whereas in certain developed countries, such as Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US, the intake is 50 micrograms/d or lower and, consequently, at or below the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake range of 50-200 micrograms/d established by the US National Academy of Sciences. The average Cr content of human milk is below 0.5 micrograms/L, thus resulting in a very low average intake of 0.3 microgram Cr/d by exclusively breast-fed infants in the US and Finland.[Abstract]

  112. Van Cauwenbergh R, Hendrix P, Robberecht H, Deelstra HA:’Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling’;Z Lebensm Unters Forsch.203(3):203-6, 1996
    Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium has been evaluated by sampling duplicate portions of food, heating them at an acidic pH in a microwave oven and then quantifying the chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean intake value (53 +/- 31 micrograms/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries and is situated at the lower end of the recommended range for a safe and adequate daily dietary intake.[Abstract]
  113. Anderson RA:’Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man’;Clin Physiol Biochem.4(1):31-41, 1986
    Insufficient dietary Cr has been linked to maturity-onset diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The dietary Cr intake of most individuals is considerably less than the suggested safe and adequate intake. Consumption of refined foods, including simple sugars, exacerbates the problem of insufficient dietary Cr since these foods are not only low in dietary Cr but also enhance additional Cr losses. Chromium losses are also increased due to pregnancy, strenuous exercise, infection, physical trauma and other forms of stress.[Abstract]

  114. Preuss HG, Anderson RA:’Chromium update: examining recent literature 1997-1998’;Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.1(6):509-12, 1998
    Trivalent chromium is an essential nutrient required for sugar and fat metabolism. The majority of people eating typical Western diets consume less than the upper limit of the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake, which is set at 50-200 micrograms per day. Insufficient chromium intake is associated with signs and symptoms similar to those seen in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.[Abstract]
  115. Rylander R:’Environmental magnesium deficiency as a cardiovascular risk factor’;J Cardiovasc Risk.3(1):4-10, 1996
    Through changes in the treatment of foodstuffs and altered diets, as well as increased use of surface water with low magnesium content, magnesium deficiency is present in modern society. Magnesium deficiency causes cardiac arrhythmia and several studies suggest that a low level of magnesium in drinking water is a risk factor for myocardial infarction, particularly among men. Before general prevention programmes can be recommended, risk groups must be defined and experimental intervention programmes performed.[Abstract]
  116. Rayssiguier Y, Libako P, Nowacki W, Rock E.:’Magnesium deficiency and metabolic syndrome: stress and inflammation may reflect calcium activation’; Magnes Res. 2010 Jun;23(2):73-80. Epub 2010 May 31

    Magnesium (Mg) intake is inadequate in the western diet and metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in populations around the world. Epidemiological studies suggest that high Mg intake may reduce the risk but the possibility of confounding factors exists, given the strong association between Mg and other beneficial nutriments (vegetables, fibers, cereals).[Abstract]

  117. Kimmons JE, Blanck HM, Tohill BC, Zhang J, Khan LK:’Associations between body mass index and the prevalence of low micronutrient levels among US adults’;MedGenMed.19;8(4):59, 2006
    Overweight and obese adults had higher odds of low levels for a number of nutrients compared with normal-weight adults. Odds of being low in multiple micronutrients was most common among overweight and obese premenopausal women .[Abstract]
  118. Ford ES, Li C, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH, Liu S:’Intake of dietary magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults’;Obesity (Silver Spring).15(5):1139-46, 2007
    Our results showing an inverse association between dietary magnesium intake and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome add to the evidence that adequate magnesium intake or a diet rich in magnesium may be important for maintaining good cardiometabolic health.[Abstract]

  119. Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD:’Implications of Magnesium Deficiency in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review’;134(2):119-29, 2010, Epub 2009 Jul 24
    Chronic magnesium deficiency has been associated with the development of insulin resistance. The present review discusses the implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes.[Abstract]
  120. Kleefstra N, Bilo HJ, Bakker SJ, Houweling ST:’Chromium and insulin resistance’;Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd.148(5):217-20, 2004
    Since as early as the 50s of the last century, it has been known that chromium is essential for normal glucose metabolism. Too little chromium in the diet may lead to insulin resistance .[Abstract]
  121. Wu HY, Xia YM, Chen XS:’Selenium deficiency and thyroid hormone metabolism and function’;Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan.26(1):12-6, 1995

    If Se is deficient, the deiodinase activity would be inhibited, the level of circulation T4 will be elevated, and the concentration T3 in peripheral tissues will be decreased. Se deficiency will also accelerate the iodine depletion of thyroid and may even exacerbate some detrimental effects of iodine deficiency. Possibly Se deficiency is involved in the occurrence and development of iodine deficient disorders. Keshan disease, with Se deficiency as the major cause, was also observed a change of thyroid hormone metabolism.[Abstract]

  122. Gezondheidsraad Richtlijnen goede voeding 2006
    De hoeveelheid visolie vetzuren in de voeding zal daarentegen aanzienlijk moeten toenemen om te kunnen voldoen aan de voedingsnorm voor deze vetzuren van 450 mg per dag. Deze inname kan worden gerealiseerd door tweemaal per week een portie vis te gebruiken waarvan ten minste eenmaal een portie vette vis.[Article]
  123. Voedingscentrum Beoordeling omegabrood
    Levert omegabrood voldoende n-3 lange keten-vetzuren om een wezenlijke bijdrage te leveren aan het beschermende effect? In Nederland zijn er nog geen officiële aanbevelingen voor het gebruik van n-3 vetzuren. Voor mensen die geen vis eten wordt het gebruik van 200 mg n-3 lange keten-vetzuren per dag geadviseerd.[Article]

  124. Voedingscentrum Brood
    O’megabrood met visvetzuren kan de kans op hart- en vaatziekten verlagen.[Article]
  125. Wat is O'megabrood? O'mega is een verrukkelijk broodje met Omega-3 vetzuren
    De voedingswaarde per 100 gram: EPA & DHA (Omega 3) 67,5 mg, voedingsvezels 3,7gram.[Article]
  126. Voorlichtingsbureau Brood
    Volkoren én variatie leveren veel voedingsvezel! Zes sneetjes witbrood leveren samen 5 gram voedingsvezels, terwijl je met 6 sneetjes volkorenbrood wel 14 gram vezels binnen krijgt.[Article]
  127. Liu S. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Aug;21(4):298-306 Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease
    These data are consistent with results from recent metabolic experiments, suggesting favorable lipid profiles and glycemic control associated with higher intake of whole grains, but not with refined grains. It seems prudent, therefore, to distinguish whole-grain rather than refined-grain cereal products for the prevention of chronic diseases.[Article]
  128. Murtaugh MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Jacob B, Steffen LM, Marquart L. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003 Feb;62(1):143-9 Epidemiological support for the protection of whole grains against diabetes
    Intake of wholegrain foods may reduce diabetes risk. Three prospective studies in 160000 men and women examined the relationship of whole-grain or cereal-fibre intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Risk for incident type 2 diabetes was 21-27% lower for those in the highest quintile of whole-grain intake, and 30-36% lower in the highest quintile of cereal-fibre intake, each compared with the lowest quintile.[Article]

  129. McKeown NM. Nutr Rev. 2004 Jul;62(7 Pt 1):286-91 Whole grain intake and insulin sensitivity: evidence from observational studies
    Observational studies have found that diets rich in whole-grain foods are associated with improved insulin sensitivity. The improved insulin sensitivity may be mediated in part by magnesium and dietary fiber, two nutrients found in whole-grain foods. By incorporating whole-grain foods into the diet, therefore, insulin sensitivity might be improved.[Abstract]
  130. Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D'Agostino RB Jr, Mayer-Davis EJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Nov;78(5):965-71 Whole-grain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
    Higher intakes of whole grains were associated with increases in insulin sensitivity.[Article]
  131. Voedingscentrum: ‘Eén duidelijk logo met brede toepassing’

    Het Voedingscentrum staat vanaf het prille begin achter het initiatief en hoopt dat het logo in de toekomst nog breder gebruikt zal worden. Vanaf maart 2011 zijn de criteria van het Voedingscentrum en de criteria voor het logo op elkaar afgestemd.[Article]

  132. De Wetenschappelijke Commissie
    De Wetenschappelijke Commissie van het voedselkeuzelogo bestaat uit onafhankelijke wetenschappers en een vertegenwoordiger van het Voedingscentrum. Zij hebben de criteria voor het logo vastgesteld. De Commissie houdt de internationale ontwikkelingen in de gaten en stelt waar nodig de eisen voor het logo bij.[Article]
  133. Damm P. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009 Mar;104 Suppl 1:S25-6 Future risk of diabetes in mother and child after gestational diabetes mellitus
    Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity. However, significant long-term morbidity also exists for the mother and offspring. Women with previous GDM have a very high risk of developing overt diabetes, primarily type 2 diabetes, later in life. Moreover, the risk of the metabolic syndrome is increased 3-fold in these women. Their offspring have an 8-fold risk of diabetes/prediabetes at 19-27 years of age. Thus, GDM is part of a vicious circle which increases the development of diabetes in the coming generations
    [Abstract]

  134. Catalano PM. Reproduction. 2010 Sep;140(3):365-71. Obesity, insulin resistance, and pregnancy outcome
    There has been a significant increase over the past few decades in the number of reproductive age women who are either overweight or obese. Overweight and obese women are at increased risk for having decreased insulin sensitivity as compared with lean or average weight women. Because of the metabolic alterations during normal pregnancy, particularly the 60% decrease in insulin sensitivity, overweight and obese women are at increased risk of metabolic dysregulation in pregnancy, i.e. gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and fetal overgrowth. [Article]
  135. Galtier F, Raingeard I, Renard E, Boulot P, Bringer J. Diabetes Metab. 2008 Feb;34(1):19-25. Optimizing the outcome of pregnancy in obese women: from pregestational to long-term management
    The obesity epidemic is of some concern in women of reproductive age. Maternal obesity is associated with many pregnancy complications, especially gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. [Article]
  136. McLean M, Chipps D, Cheung NW. Diabet Med. 2006 Nov;23(11):1213-5. Mother to child transmission of diabetes mellitus: does gestational diabetes program Type 2 diabetes in the next generation?

    The first manifestation of this in female offspring is likely to be GDM in their own pregnancies. [Abstract]

  137. Zambrano E. Rev Invest Clin. 2009 Jan-Feb;61(1):41-52. The transgenerational mechanisms in developmental programming of metabolic diseases
    Many individuals all over the world experience undernutrition, stress, hyperglycemia and other negative environmental factors during pregnancy and/or lactation. Insult during this critical period of development may induce malprogramming and adversely alter not only the F1 generation but also future generations. Preventing or treating these conditions will help to minimize the risk of transmission of metabolic diseases to future generations.[Abstract]
  138. Virally M, Laloi-Michelin M. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2010 Dec;39(8 Suppl 2):S220-38. Methods of screening of gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks' gestation
    The measure of the fasting blood glucose isolated between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation is not a relevant approach. [Abstract]

  139. Legardeur H, Girard G, Mandelbrot L. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2011 Mar;39(3):174-179. Screening of gestational diabetes mellitus: A new consensus?
    Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) recently issued recommendations that the diagnosis of GDM be made when any of the following thresholds are met or exceeded: fasting plasma glucose: 0,92g/L; 1 hour: 1,80g/L; or 2hours: 1,53g/L after the 75g oral glucose test. These criteria were chosen to identify pregnancy with increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. By the new criteria, the total incidence of gestational diabetes in the HAPO population was 17, 8%. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in early pregnancy appears as an important predictive factor. Higher first trimester FPG (lower than those diagnostic of diabetes) are associated with increased risks of later diagnosis of gestational diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
    [Abstract]
  140. Cosson E. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2010 Dec;39(8 Suppl 2):S239-50. Diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus
    The International Association of Diabetes Pregnancy Study Group has proposed, considering the glycemic values associated with a 1.75-fold increased risk of macrosomia, fetal hyperinsulinism and adiposity in the HAPO study, the following criteria: fasting plasma glucose ? 0.92 g/L (5.1 mmol/L) and/or 1-hour plasma glucose value ? 1.80 g/L (10.0 mmol/L) and/or 2-hour plasma glucose value ? 1.53 g/L (8.5 mmol/L. [Abstract]
  141. Riskin-Mashiah S, Damti A, Younes G, Auslander R. J Perinat Med. 2011 Mar;39(2):209-11 Normal fasting plasma glucose levels during pregnancy: a hospital-based study
    Compared to preconception levels, fasting glucose levels decreased by a median of 3 mg/dL in the first trimester (81-78 mg/dL). During the third trimester a slight further glucose reduction was observed (median 76 mg/dL). After delivery fasting glucose levels increased sharply (84 mg/dL in the puerperium and 81 mg/dL by three months postpartum). [Abstract]
  142. Ryan EA. Diabetologia. 2011 Mar;54(3):480-6. Diagnosing gestational diabetes
    The newly proposed criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes will result in a gestational diabetes prevalence of 17.8%, doubling the numbers of pregnant women currently diagnosed.
    [Article]
  143. Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Karimi F, Shafaei AR, Larijani B. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Jan-Feb;24(1):27-32. Correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency and insulin resistance in pregnancy
    These results show that a positive correlation of 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations with insulin sensitivity and vitamin D deficiency could be a confirmative sign of insulin resistance.[Abstract]

  144. Zhang C, Qiu C, Hu FB, David RM, van Dam RM, Bralley A, Williams MA. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3753 Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus
    Findings from the present study suggest that maternal vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy is significantly associated with an elevated risk for GDM.[Article]
  145. Lapillonne A. Med Hypotheses. 2010 Jan;74(1):71-5 Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes
    It appears that vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy is potentially associated with increased risk of preeclampsia, insulin resistance and gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, experimental data also anticipate that vitamin D sufficiency is critical for fetal development, and especially for fetal brain development and immunological functions. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may, therefore, not only impair maternal skeletal preservation and fetal skeletal formation but also be vital to the fetal "imprinting" that may affect chronic disease susceptibility soon after birth as well as later in life.[Abstract]
  146. Holmes VA, Barnes MS, Alexander HD, McFaul P, Wallace JM. Br J Nutr. 2009 Sep;102(6):876-81 Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pregnant women: a longitudinal study

    Given the potential consequences of hypovitaminosis D on health outcomes, vitamin D supplementation, perhaps at higher doses than currently available, is needed to improve maternal vitamin D nutriture.[Abstract]

  147. Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM. J Am Coll Nutr. 1996 Feb;15(1):14-20 Vitamin and mineral deficiencies which may predispose to glucose intolerance of pregnancy
    Gestational diabetes is associated with excessive nutrient losses due to glycosuria. Specific nutrient deficiencies of chromium, magnesium, potassium and pyridoxine may potentiate the tendency towards hyperglycemia in gestational diabetic women because each of these four deficiencies causes impairment of pancreatic insulin production.[Article]
  148. Sacks DA. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Dec;50(4):980-9. Etiology, detection, and management of fetal macrosomia in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus
    Babies of mothers who have diabetes are more likely than babies of nondiabetic women to be large for gestational age. A greater proportion of their birth weight consists of fat mass, much of which is distributed to the trunk and abdomen. The maternal and fetal consequences of diabetic fetopathy, theories and evidence of how it develops, and management considerations relative to excessive growth of the fetus of a diabetic woman are explored in this chapter.[Abstract]

  149. Fetita LS, Sobngwi E, Serradas P, Calvo F, Gautier JF. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;91(10):3718-24 Consequences of fetal exposure to maternal diabetes in offspring
    Thus, fetal exposure to maternal diabetes may contribute to the worldwide diabetes epidemic. Public health interventions targeting high-risk populations should focus on long-term follow-up of subjects who have been exposed in utero to a diabetic environment and on a better glycemic control during pregnancy.[Article]
  150. von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T, von Mutius E, Barnert D, Grunert V, von Voss H. BMJ. 1999 Jul 17;319(7203):147-50 Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study
    In industrialised countries promoting prolonged breast feeding may help decrease the prevalence of obesity in childhood. Since obese children have a high risk of becoming obese adults, such preventive measures may eventually result in a reduction in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and other diseases related to obesity.[Article]
  151. Arenz S, Rückerl R, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Oct;28(10):1247-56 Breast-feeding and childhood obesity--a systematic review

    Breast-feeding seems to have a small but consistent protective effect against obesity in children.[Abstract]

  152. de Armas MG, Megías SM, Modino SC, Bolaños PI, Guardiola PD, Alvarez TM. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009 Oct;56(8):400-3. Importance of breastfeeding in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and degree of childhood obesity
    Breast feeding for at least 3 months was associated with lower levels of obesity, smaller waist circumference and fewer complications related to metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Sixty-four percent of children with complete metabolic syndrome had received artificial feeding. Further studies are needed to ascertain the impact of breastfeeding on the development of obesity and cardiometabolic risk.[Abstract]
  153. Simon VG, Souza JM, Souza SB. Rev Saude Publica. 2009 Feb;43(1):60-9. Breastfeeding, complementary feeding, overweight and obesity in pre-school children
    Results suggest that breastfeeding can protect children against overweight and obesity, thus representing yet another advantage of maternal milk.[Abstract]

  154. von Kries R, Koletzko B, Sauerwald T, von Mutius E. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2000;478:29-39 Does breast-feeding protect against childhood obesity?
    The potential relevance of different components of human milk for the observed reduction in the risk for overweight and obesity is discussed. The preventive effect of breast-feeding on overweight and obesity is an important additional argument for the promotion of breast-feeding in industrialised countries.[Abstract]
  155. Singhal A. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2007;60:15-25Does breastfeeding protect from growth acceleration and later obesity?
    Nutrition in infancy has been suggested to have a major influence or program the long-term tendency to obesity. Breastfeeding, in particular, appears to protect against the development of later obesity, a conclusion supported by data from four systematic reviews and evidence that a longer duration of breastfeeding has greater protective effects. The size of the effect (up to a 20% reduction in obesity risk) although modest has important implications for public health.[Abstract]
  156. Koubaa AA, Abed NB, Cheikhrouhou H, Dahmen H, Askri M, Ouerfelli N, Hasni K. Tunis Med. 2008 Jan;86(1):38-42. Protective effect of breast feeding in childhood obesity

    Promotion of the breast-feeding and information on its methods and its control are a public health priority, it protects the child and his mother from certain diseases and prevents from childhood obesity. OMS recommends an exclusive breast feeding until the 6 months age, and to continue if possible until the 2 years.[Abstract]

  157. Binns C, Lee MK, Oddy W. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2003;15 Suppl:S22-6 Breastfeeding and the prevention of obesity
    Obesity will be the greatest challenge for nutrition and is probably the greatest overall challenge to public health facing us in the next few decades. Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for many chronic diseases and the impact on wellbeing and mortality is well documented. Breastfeeding exclusively to six months of age is the most appropriate way to feed infants. A review of the international literature and an analysis of Australian data support the hypothesis that breastfeeding reduces the prevalence of obesity. Breastfeeding promotion should become a part of public health programmes for the prevention of obesity.[Abstract]
  158. RIVM Wat zijn de mogelijke gezondheidsgevolgen van borstvoeding?
    Borstvoeding is de beste voeding als het gaat om de gezondheid van de baby. Ook voor de moeder zijn er positieve gezondheidseffecten als zij borstvoeding geeft. Bij kinderen die zes maanden uitsluitend borstvoeding kregen, komt overgewicht (tussen 3 en 10 jaar) en hoge bloeddruk minder vaak voor.[Article]

  159. RIVM Voeding van zuigelingen en peuters
    In april 2006 heeft de WHO nieuwe internationaal toepasbare groeistandaarden voor zuigelingen en jonge kinderen gepubliceerd. Voor het vaststellen van deze groeistandaarden is het uitgangspunt dat borstvoeding de norm is en dat het kind dat borstvoeding krijgt de standaard is voor het meten van een gezonde groei. Bij de invoering van het elektronisch kinddossier JGZ worden deze standaarden zo snel mogelijk voor de Nederlandse situatie geïmplementeerd.
    Een afvlakking van de curve van een borstgevoed kind rond de leeftijd van drie à vier maanden hoeft dus op zich geen aanleiding te vormen voor specifieke maatregelen, zoals vroeger starten met vaste voeding of aanvulling met kunstvoeding.[Article]
  160. The WHO Child Growth Standards
    The following documents describe the sample and methods used to construct the standards and present the final charts.[Article]
  161. RIVM Ruim 80% begint met borstvoeden maar groot deel stopt ook weer snel

    Ruim 80% van de moeders begint direct na de geboorte met het geven van borstvoeding. De kans dat een hoogopgeleide vrouw start met het geven van borstvoeding is groter dan die van een laagopgeleide vrouw. Het percentage zuigelingen dat op de leeftijd van drie maanden echter nog steeds uitsluitend borstvoeding krijgt, is veel lager (30%). In nog sterkere mate geldt dit voor het percentage zuigelingen van vijf maanden (23%). Wel lijkt het er op dat het percentage zuigelingen dat uitsluitend borstvoeding krijgt op de eerste dag, na drie maanden en na zes maanden, de laatste jaren iets is gestegen. In vergelijking met de rest van Europa geven in Nederland relatief weinig moeders borstvoeding.[Article]

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