Deel 2 | Lichamelijke oorzaken van overgewicht
Behandel oorzaken die succesvol afvallen in de weg staan

Volgens de Nederlandse overheid eten we te veel en bewegen we te weinig. Volgens de Amerikaanse overheid eten we te vet. Geen van deze visies hebben er echter toe geleid dat de explosie van overgewicht is afgenomen. Wetenschappers opperen andere mogelijke oorzaken voor de wereldwijde explosie van overgewicht. Zij denken dat onze oergenetische afkomst in 'botsing' is gekomen met onze huidige leefstijl en dat we, op het gebied van overgewicht, veel kunnen leren van nieuwe inzichten uit de epigenetica. In dit tweede deel van deze serie kun je lezen hoe al deze nieuwe inzichten je kunnen helpen bij het opstellen van een passend en verantwoord behandelingsplan.

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Auteur

Cora de Fluiter

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Referenties

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  29. BBC Documentary - The Ghost in Your Genes (part 4/5) [Movie]
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  51. NDF Richtlijnen en adviezen
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    Chromium is an essential mineral that appears to have a beneficial role in the regulation of insulin action and its effects on carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Chromium is an important factor for enhancing insulin activity. Chromium picolinate, specifically, has been shown to reduce insulin resistance. Supplements containing 200-1,000 mcg chromium as chromium picolinate a day have been found to improve blood glucose control. Chromium picolinate is the most efficacious form of chromium supplementation. Numerous animal studies and human clinical trials have demonstrated that chromium picolinate supplements are safe..[Abstract]
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    Chromium is an essential mineral that appears to have a beneficial role in the regulation of insulin action, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. There is growing evidence that chromium may facilitate insulin signaling and chromium supplementation therefore may improve systemic insulin sensitivity. Since chromium supplementation is a safe treatment, further research is necessary to resolve the confounding data. The existing data suggest to concentrate future studies on certain forms as chromium picolinate and doses as at least 200 mcg per day.[Abstract]
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    The identification of vitamin D receptor expression in different tissues suggests a widespread role for vitamin D action beyond its classical function in bone and mineral metabolism. Recently, the importance of vitamin D status as a risk factor in the development of metabolic syndrome has been the focus of several studies.[Abstract]
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    The data show a positive correlation of 25(OH)D concentration with insulin sensitivity and a negative effect of hypovitaminosis D on beta cell function. Subjects with hypovitaminosis D are at higher risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Further studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms.[Article]
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    Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese patients.[Abstract]
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    Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency may negatively influence glycemia, whereas combined supplementation with both nutrients may be beneficial in optimizing glucose metabolism.[Article]
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    This prospective study reports inverse associations between baseline serum 25(OH)D and future glycemia and insulin resistance. These associations are potentially important in understanding the etiology of abnormal glucose metabolism and warrant investigation in larger, specifically designed prospective studies and randomized controlled trials of supplementation.[Article]
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    Thus, substantial evidence supports a relationship between vitamin D status and insulin sensitivity; however, the underlying mechanisms require further exploration.[Abstract]
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    Naar een toereikende inname van vitamine D. Een onvoldoende vitamine D-status komt onder alle lagen van de Nederlandse bevolking voor. Het percentage is daarbij hoger aan het einde van de winter dan aan het einde van de zomer (tabel 1).[Article]
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    Our study shows a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in a young healthy population with no clear relationship with sun exposure or sunscreen protection. The low intake of food rich in vitamin D and the lack of food fortification combined with scarce effective sun exposure could account for the low serum levels of vitamin D in this population.[Abstract]
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    Reports from across the world indicate that hypovitaminosis D is widespread and is re-emerging as a major health problem globally.[Abstract]
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    The trial indicates that vitamin D(3) supplementation improves postprandial insulin sensitivity (OGIS) in apparently healthy men likely to have insulin resistance (centrally obese but non-diabetic).[Article]
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    Significant improvements were seen in insulin sensitivity and IR (P = 0·003 and 0·02, respectively), and fasting insulin decreased (P = 0·02) with supplementation compared with placebo. Optimal vitamin D concentrations for reducing IR were shown to be 80-119 nmol/l, providing further evidence for an increase in the recommended adequate levels. [Article]
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    These results show that a positive correlation of 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations with insulin sensitivity and vitamin D deficiency could be a confirmative sign of insulin resistance.[Abstract]
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    Findings from the present study suggest that maternal vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy is significantly associated with an elevated risk for GDM.[Article]
  72. Lapillonne A. Med Hypotheses. 2010 Jan;74(1):71-5 Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes
    It appears that vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy is potentially associated with increased risk of preeclampsia, insulin resistance and gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, experimental data also anticipate that vitamin D sufficiency is critical for fetal development, and especially for fetal brain development and immunological functions. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may, therefore, not only impair maternal skeletal preservation and fetal skeletal formation but also be vital to the fetal "imprinting" that may affect chronic disease susceptibility soon after birth as well as later in life.[Abstract]
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    De glycemische index van een koolhydraat is een getal wat aangeeft hoe sterk de glucosespiegel in het bloed omhoog gaat na het eten van een voedingsmiddel. Hoe lager het getal hoe beter. [Artikel]
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    Current findings on the relationship between excessive appetite for carbohydrate-rich foods and mood disorders may explain repetitive weight gain or the inability to lose weight among some obese individuals. Obese individuals who crave carbohydrates, exhibit positive changes in mood after carbohydrate intake. [Abstract]
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    The brain neurotransmitter, serotonin, seems to be involved in the abnormal regulation of mood and food intake that underlies diet failures or weight gain in individuals who suffer from carbohydrate craving obesity (CCO), premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) [Abstract]
  76. Bruinsma K, Taren DL. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999 Oct;99(10):1249-56. Chocolate: food or drug?
    Chocolate may be used by some as a form of self-medication for dietary deficiencies (eg, magnesium) or to balance low levels of neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of mood, food intake, and compulsive behaviors (eg, serotonin and dopamine). Chocolate cravings are often episodic and fluctuate with hormonal changes just before and during the menses, which suggests a hormonal link and confirms the assumed gender-specific nature of chocolate cravings.[Abstract]
  77. Hormes JM, Rozin P. Appetite. 2009 Oct;53(2):256-9. Perimenstrual chocolate craving. What happens after menopause?
    About half of American women crave chocolate, and approximately half of the cravers crave it specifically around the onset of menstruation.[Abstract]
  78. Wurtman JJ.J Am Diet Assoc. 1984 Sep;84(9):1004-7. The involvement of brain serotonin in excessive carbohydrate snacking by obese carbohydrate cravers
    A specific hunger for carbohydrate-rich foods has been observed in animals and human beings and appears to be regulated by the brain neurotransmitter serotonin. Consumption of a carbohydrate-rich meal increases the synthesis and release of brain serotonin. Evidence is presented that carbohydrate snacking seems to be related to a "need" to increase the level of brain serotonin.[Abstract]
  79. Wurtman JJ., Drugs. 1990;39 Suppl 3:49-52., Carbohydrate craving. Relationship between carbohydrate intake and disorders of mood
    The brain neurotransmitter, serotonin, seems to be involved in the abnormal regulation of mood and food intake that underlies diet failures or weight gain in individuals who suffer from carbohydrate craving obesity (CCO), premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) [Abstract]
  80. Gendall KA, Joyce PR, Abbott RM. Addict Behav. 1999 May-Jun;24(3):305-15. The effects of meal composition on subsequent craving and binge eating
    Possibly via the effects of sensory-specific satiety, serotonergic function, or cognitive factors, a protein-rich meal may induce craving for sweet-tasting, palatable foods in susceptible individuals.[Abstract]
  81. CBG-Med, 13 december 2007 - Hyperiplant als eerste geneesmiddel op basis van St.Janskruid geregistreerd
    Hyperiplant® is als eerste kruidengeneesmiddel op basis van een extract van Hypericum perforatum (Sint Janskruid), door het CBG geregistreerd voor gebruik bij milde tot matige depressieve klachten.[Article]
  82. Anghelescu IG, Kohnen R, Szegedi A, Klement S, Kieser M. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006 Nov;39(6):213-9. Comparison of Hypericum extract WS 5570 and Paroxetine in ongoing treatment after recovery from an episode of moderate to severe depression: results from a randomized multicenter study
    treatment after recovery from an episode of moderate to severe depression and point therefore to an important alternative treatment option for long-term relapse-prevention.[Abstract]
  83. Szegedi A, Kohnen R, Dienel A, Kieser M. BMJ. 2005 Mar 5;330(7490):503. Epub 2005 Feb 11 Acute treatment of moderate to severe depression with Hypericum extract WS 5570 (St John's wort): randomised controlled double blind non-inferiority trial versus Paroxetine
    In the treatment of moderate to severe major depression, Hypericum extract WS 5570 is at least as effective as Paroxetine and is better tolerated.[Article]
  84. Lecrubier Y, Clerc G, Didi R, Kieser M. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Aug;159(8):1361-6 Efficacy of St. John's wort extract WS 5570 in major depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    H. perforatum extract WS 5570 was found to be safe and more effective than placebo for the treatment of mild to moderate depression.[Article]
  85. Kasper S, Anghelescu IG, Szegedi A, Dienel A, Kieser M. BMC Med. 2006 Jun 23;4:14 Superior efficacy of St John's wort extract WS 5570 compared to placebo in patients with major depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial
    Hypericum perforatum extract WS 5570 at doses of 600 mg/day (once daily) and 1200 mg/day (600 mg twice daily) were found to be safe and more effective than placebo, with comparable efficacy of the WS 5570 groups for the treatment of mild to moderate major depression.[Article]
  86. Kubin A, Wierrani F, Burner U, Alth G, Grünberger W.Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(2):233-53 Hypericin--the facts about a controversial agent
    In other contemporary studies, screening hypericin for inhibitory effects on various pharmaceutically important enzymes such as MAO (monoaminoxidase), PKC (protein kinase C), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, reverse transcriptase, telomerase and CYP (cytochrome P450), has yielded results supporting therapeutic potential.[Abstract]
  87. Markowitz JS, DeVane CL. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2001 Winter;35(1):53-64 The emerging recognition of herb-drug interactions with a focus on St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)
    The herbal antidepressant St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is one of the most commonly utilized herbal agents. Examples of conventional medications which may undergo significant CYP 3A4 induction by St. John's wort include cyclosporine, indinavir, and oral contraceptives.[Article]
  88. Uno T, Yasui-Furukori N. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2006 May;1(2):157-61 Effect of grapefruit juice in relation to human pharmacokinetic study
    Grapefruit juice (GFJ) interacts with a number of drugs, and can alter pharmacokinetics parameters of the drugs. As for these interactions, most reports have focused on the elevation of drug bioavailability by GFJ, but a few recent reports have indicated that GFJ reduced the absorption of drugs not metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP).[Abstract]
  89. Schulz V. Phytomedicine. 2006 Feb;13(3):199-204. Epub 2005 Nov 2 Safety of St. John's Wort extract compared to synthetic antidepressants
    Risks to the patient are not caused by SWE but by drugs with a narrow therapeutic range. Consequently, SWE preparations should not be taken concurrently with other antidepressants, with coumarin-type anticoagulants, the immunosuppressants cyclosporine and tacrolimus, protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in anti-HIV treatment or with certain antineoplastic agents. However, such cases are extremely rare and, with medical supervision, easily avoided. In conclusion, the safety of SWE must be considered more favourable than that of synthetic antidepressants.[Abstract]
  90. Zhou S, Chan E, Pan SQ, Huang M, Lee EJ. J Psychopharmacol. 2004 Jun;18(2):262-76. Pharmacokinetic interactions of drugs with St John's wort
    St John's wort caused breakthrough bleeding and unplanned pregnancies when used concomitantly with oral contraceptives.[Abstract]
  91. Murphy PA, Kern SE, Stanczyk FZ, Westhoff CL. Contraception. 2005 Jun;71(6):402-8. Interaction of St. John's Wort with oral contraceptives: effects on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding
    Treatment with St. John's Wort was associated with a significant 13-15% reduction in the dose exposure from the contraceptive. Breakthrough bleeding increased in the treatment cycles, as did evidence of follicle growth and probable ovulation. CONCLUSION: St. John's Wort is associated with increased metabolism of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, breakthrough bleeding, follicle growth and ovulation. Women using OCs should be cautioned that St. John's Wort might interfere with contraceptive effectiveness.[Abstract]
  92. Hall SD, Wang Z, Huang SM, Hamman MA, Vasavada N, Adigun AQ, Hilligoss JK, Miller M, Gorski JC. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Dec;74(6):525-35. The interaction between St John's wort and an oral contraceptive
    St John's wort causes an induction of ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone metabolism consistent with increased CYP3A activity. Women taking oral contraceptive pills should be counseled to expect breakthrough bleeding and should consider adding a barrier method of contraception when consuming St Johns wort.[Abstract]
  93. Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Perri D, Koren G. Can J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Fall;13(3):e268-76. Epub 2006 Nov 3 Safety and efficacy of St. John's wort (Hypericum) during pregnancy and lactation
    Caution is warranted with the use of St John's wort during pregnancy until further high quality human research is conducted to determine its safety. St John's wort use during lactation appears to be of minimal risk, but may cause side effects. Caution is warranted when using medications along with St John's wort.[Article]
  94. Docherty JP, Sack DA, Roffman M, Finch M, Komorowski JR. J Psychiatr Pract. 2005 Sep;11(5):302-14. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory trial of chromium picolinate in atypical depression: effect on carbohydrate craving
    The results of this study suggest that the main effect of chromium was on carbohydrate craving and appetite regulation in depressed patients and that 600 mug of elemental chromium may be beneficial for patients with atypical depression who also have severe carbohydrate craving.[Abstract]
  95. Anton SD, Morrison CD, Cefalu WT, Martin CK, Coulon S, Geiselman P, Han H, White CL, Williamson DA. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008 Oct;10(5):405-12 Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety
    Study 1 demonstrated that CrPic, as compared to placebo, reduced food intake (P < 0.0001), hunger levels (P < 0.05), and fat cravings (P < 0.0001) and tended to decrease body weight (P = 0.08)..[Abstract]
  96. Shaw K, Turner J, Del Mar C Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD003198 Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan for depression
    A large number of studies appear to address the research questions, but few are of sufficient quality to be reliable. Available evidence does suggest these substances are better than placebo at alleviating depression.[Abstract]
  97. Birdsall TC: Altern Med Rev. 1998 Aug;3(4):271-80 5-Hydroxytryptophan: a clinically-effective serotonin precursor/
    Therapeutic administration of 5-HTP has been shown to be effective in treating a wide variety of conditions, including depression, fibromyalgia, binge eating associated with obesity, chronic headaches, and insomnia..[Article]
  98. Wurtman J, Wurtman R, Berry E, Gleason R, Goldberg H, McDermott J, Kahne M, Tsay R. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993 Nov;9(3):201-10 Dexfenfluramine, fluoxetine, and weight loss among female carbohydrate cravers
    These results suggest that weight loss following treatment with serotoninergic drugs may relate to a selective decrease in CHO appetite.[Abstract]
  99. Lawton CL, Wales JK, Hill AJ, Blundell JE. Obes Res. 1995 Jul;3(4):345-56. Serotoninergic manipulation, meal-induced satiety and eating pattern: effect of Fluoxetinein obese female subjects
    Mean daily energy intake, calculated from food diary records, was 1881 kcal when subjects were taking the placebo compared to 1460 kcal when taking Fluoxetine(a reduction of 22.4%). Fluoxetinetreatment produced a significant weight loss of 1.97 kg over the two weeks of treatment compared to a weight loss of only 0.04 kg on placebo.[Abstract]
  100. Leombruni P, Pierò A, Lavagnino L, Brustolin A, Campisi S, Fassino S. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Aug 1;32(6):1599-605 A randomized, double-blind trial comparing sertraline and Fluoxetine6-month treatment in obese patients with Binge Eating Disorder
    These results were maintained by responders (weigh loss of at least 5% of baseline weight) over 24 weeks. The results suggest that a 6-month treatment with SSRI may be an effective option to treat patients with BED.[Abstract]
  101. Maheux P, Ducros F, Bourque J, Garon J, Chiasson JL. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997 Feb;21(2):97-102 Fluoxetineimproves insulin sensitivity in obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus independently of weight loss
    Fluoxetine improves insulin-mediated glucose disposal in obese patients with NIDDM independently of weight loss[Abstract]
  102. Goodnick PJ. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Mar;13(1):31-41 Use of antidepressants in treatment of comorbid diabetes mellitus and depression as well as in diabetic neuropathy.
    There have been six studies of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), at a dose of 60 mg/day pursued up to 12 months that have demonstrated that medication's usefulness in diabetic patients, with reductions in weight (to 9.3 kg), in FPG (to 45 mg%), and in HbA1c (to 2.5%). In comorbid diabetes mellitus and depression, most evidence supports the use of fluoxetine in control of glucose handling.[Abstract]
  103. Bross R, Hoffer LJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 May;61(5):1020-5 Fluoxetineincreases resting energy expenditure and basal body temperature in humans
    We propose that serotonin reuptake inhibition increases energy expenditure by increasing basal body temperature.[Article]
  104. Bondi M, Menozzi R, Bertolini M, Venneri MG, Del Rio G. J Endocrinol Invest. 2000 May;23(5):280-6. Metabolic effects of Fluoxetinein obese menopausal women
    The conclusion was that our data give support to thermogenic actions of FL after acute administration, suggesting also that chronic FL treatment may restrain to some degree the metabolic adaptation expected during weight loss in obese subjects. At variance with what observed with other drugs, such as dexfenfluramine, an increased thermic effect of oral glucose does not seem to be involved in the thermogenetic action of FL.[Abstract]
  105. Serretti A, Mandelli L. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Oct;71(10):1259-72. Antidepressants and body weight: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis
    Despite the fact that some analyses were done on only a few studies due to the difficulty of finding reliable information in literature, to our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive meta-analysis to allow comparison of different antidepressants as regards their impact on body weight. Data presented may be helpful for a more accurate treatment selection in patients at risk of obesity or related medical illness.[Abstract]
  106. Erlanson-Albertsson C. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2005 Jun;94(448):40-1. Appetite regulation and energy balance
    Thirty minutes after the start of eating, satiety signals arise from the intestinal tract and, in between meals, from the adipose tissue and liver. Satiety signals are sedative and arrest the processing of food in the intestine, hence leading to termination of eating.[Abstract]
  107. Kokkinos A, le Roux CW, Alexiadou K, Tentolouris N, Vincent RP, Kyriaki D, Perrea D, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Katsilambros N. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jan;95(1):333-7 Eating slowly increases the postprandial response of the anorexigenic gut hormones, peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1
    Eating at a physiologically moderate pace leads to a more pronounced anorexigenic gut peptide response than eating very fast.[Abstract]
  108. Andrade AM, Greene GW, Melanson KJ. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Jul;108(7):1186-91 Eating slowly led to decreases in energy intake within meals in healthy women
    Ad libitum energy intake was lower when the meal was eaten slowly, and satiety was higher at meal completion. Although more study is needed, these data suggest that eating slowly may help to maximize satiation and reduce energy intake within meals .[Abstract]
  109. Speechly DP, Rogers GG, Buffenstein R. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999 Nov;23(11):1151-9. Acute appetite reduction associated with an increased frequency of eating in obese males
    Obese males fed an isoenergetic pre-load sub-divided into a multi-meal plan consumed 27% less at a subsequent ad libitum test meal than did the same men when given the pre-load as a single meal. Prolonged but attenuated increases in serum insulin concentration on the multi-meal programme may facilitate this acute reduction in appetite.[Abstract]
  110. Speechly DP, Buffenstein R. Appetite. 1999 Dec;33(3):285-97. Greater appetite control associated with an increased frequency of eating in lean males
    These data suggest that when the nutrient load was spread into equal amounts and consumed evenly through the day in lean healthy males, there was an enhanced control of appetite. This greater control of satiety when consuming smaller multiple meals may possibly be linked to an attenuation in insulin response although clearly both other physical (gastric stretch) and physiological (release of gastric hormones) factors may also be affected by the periodicity of eating.[Abstract]
  111. Mota J, Fidalgo F, Silva R, Ribeiro JC, Santos R, Carvalho J, Santos MP. Ann Hum Biol. 2008 Jan-Feb;35(1):1-10 Relationships between physical activity, obesity and meal frequency in adolescents
    The data indicate that increased meal frequency may have a beneficial effect on a reduced BMI. Physical activity and breakfast skipping may be candidate targets for prevention programmes aimed at reducing overweight/obesity among adolescents.[Abstract]
  112. Louis-Sylvestre J, Lluch A, Neant F, Blundell JE. Forum Nutr. 2003;56:126-8 Highlighting the positive impact of increasing feeding frequency on metabolism and weight management
    Research on feeding frequency started more than 20 years ago and some studies have shown evidence of nutritional benefits, especially on metabolism and body weight management. The experts agreed that, as long as we do not consume more energy than we use up and we only eat when we are hungry, it may be useful to split our total energy intake into as many meals as our social pattern allows.[Abstract]
  113. Toschke AM, Küchenhoff H, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Obes Res. 2005 Nov;13(11):1932-8 Meal frequency and childhood obesity
    The prevalence of obesity decreased by number of daily meals: three or fewer meals, 4.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.8 to 6.1]; four meals, 2.8% (95% CI, 2.1 to 3.7); and 5 or more meals, 1.7% (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.4). These effects could not be explained by confounding due to a wide range of constitutional, sociodemographic, and lifestyle factors. A protective effect of an increased daily meal frequency on obesity in children was observed and appeared to be independent of other risk factors for childhood obesity. A modulation of the response of hormones such as insulin might be instrumental.[Article]
  114. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Lejeune MP, Nijs I, van Ooijen M, Kovacs EM. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Jan;28(1):57-64. High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans
    A 20% higher protein intake, that is, 18% of energy vs 15% of energy during weight maintenance after weight loss, resulted in a 50% lower body weight regain, only consisting of fat-free mass, and related to increased satiety and decreased energy efficiency.[Abstract]
  115. Halton TL, Hu FB. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):373-85 The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review
    There is convincing evidence that a higher protein intake increases thermogenesis and satiety compared to diets of lower protein content. The weight of evidence also suggests that high protein meals lead to a reduced subsequent energy intake.[Article]
  116. Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2003 Nov;6(6):635-8 The significance of protein in food intake and body weight regulation
    Protein is more satiating than carbohydrate and fat in the short term, over 24 h and in the long term. Thermogenesis plays a role in this satiety effect, but the role of satiety hormones still needs to be elucidated. On the short-term 'fast' proteins are more satiating than 'slow' proteins, and animal protein induces a higher thermogenesis than vegetable protein.[Abstract]
  117. Rigaud D, Ryttig KR, Leeds AR, Bard D, Apfelbaum M. Int J Obes. 1987;11 Suppl 1:73-8 Effects of a moderate dietary fibre supplement on hunger rating, energy input and faecal energy output in young, healthy volunteers. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial
    This study demonstrated that moderate dietary fibre supplementation in normal man increases faecal energy excretion with simultaneously decreased hunger feeling. These beneficial effects may have therapeutic value in the management of obesity.[Abstract]
  118. Rigaud D, Ryttig KR, Angel LA, Apfelbaum M. Int J Obes. 1990 Sep;14(9):763-9. Overweight treated with energy restriction and a dietary fibre supplement: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    After treatment the weight reduction in the fibre-treated group, 5.5 +/- 0.7 kg, was significantly higher than that of the placebo group, 3.0 +/- 0.5 kg (P = 0.005). Hunger feelings using visual analogue scales (VAS) were significantly reduced from 139.8 +/- 8.2 cm to 118.3 +/- 7.0 cm in the fibre-treated group, whereas a significant increase from 129.5 +/- 6.9 cm to 146.9 +/- 8.8 cm (P less than 0.02) was seen in the placebo group.[Abstract]
  119. 2004 Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven Ons eten gemetenGezonde voeding en veilig voedselin Nederland
    Vezelrijke voeding is belangrijker in het voorkómen van overgewicht dan een vetarme voeding.[Article]
  120. Gezondheidsraad, 2006; publicatie nr 2006/03. ISBN 90-5549-589-1 Richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie
    Voedingsvezels zijn delen van planten die door de mens niet worden verteerd. Ze hebben een gunstige invloed op de gezondheid. Voor twee effecten bestaat overtuigend wetenschappelijk bewijs: voldoende inname leidt tot een betere darmwerking en beschermt tegen hartziekten. Op basis van deze kennis formuleert de Gezondheidsraad nu een nieuwe richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie. Voor volwassenen luidt die: 3,4 gram voedingsvezel per megajoule (14 gram per 1000 kilocalorieën), wat neerkomt op 30 tot 40 gram per dag. Deze richtlijn betreft vezels die van nature voorkomen in voedingsmiddelen. Op dit moment komt negentig procent van de Nederlandse bevolking niet aan de hoeveelheid voedingsvezel die in de richtlijn is verwoord.[Article]
  121. Voorlichtingsbureau Brood
    Witbrood leveren samen 0,8gram per portie, bruinbrood 1,8 gram per portie.[Article]
  122. Marlett JA, McBurney MI, Slavin JL; American Dietetic Association. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Jul;102(7):993-1000 Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber
    Dietary fiber consists of the structural and storage polysaccharides and lignin in plants that are not digested in the human stomach and small intestine. A wealth of information supports the American Dietetic Association position that the public should consume adequate amounts of dietary fiber from a variety of plant foods. Recommended intakes, 20-35 g/day for healthy adults and age plus 5 g/day for children, are not being met, because intakes of good sources of dietary fiber, fruits, vegetables, whole and high-fiber grain products, and legumes are low.[Abstract]
  123. Rigaud D, Paycha F, Meulemans A, Merrouche M, Mignon M. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr;52(4):239-45 Effect of psyllium on gastric emptying, hunger feeling and food intake in normal volunteers: a double blind study
    Psyllium reduces hunger feelings and energy intake in normal volunteers at reasonable dose and without requiring mixing with the meal. It does not act by slowing down the gastric emptying of hydrosoluble nutrients, but by increase in the time allowed for intestinal absorption, as suggested by the flattening of the postprandial serum glucose, insulin and triglycerides curves.[Abstract]
  124. Bergmann JF, Chassany O, Petit A, Triki R, Caulin C, Segrestaa JM. Gut. 1992 Aug;33(8):1042-3 Correlation between echographic gastric emptying and appetite: influence of psyllium
    The correlation between echographic gastric emptying and sensations of hunger and satiety was excellent (p < 0.001) after the intake of either psyllium or placebo. Psyllium significantly delayed gastric emptying from the third hour after a meal. It increased the sensation of satiety and decreased hunger at the sixth hour after the meal.[Article]
  125. Keithley J, Swanson B. Altern Ther Health Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;11(6):30-4 Glucomannan and obesity: a critical review
    At doses of 2-4 g per day, GM was well-tolerated and resulted in significant weight loss in overweight and obese individuals. There is some evidence that GM exerts its beneficial effects by promoting satiety and fecal energy loss. Additionally, GM has been shown to improve lipid and lipoprotein parameters and glycemic status..[Abstract]
  126. Walsh DE, Yaghoubian V, Behforooz A Int J Obes. 1984;8(4):289-93 Effect of glucomannan on obese patients: a clinical study
    Results showed a significant mean weight loss (5.5 lbs) using glucomannan over an eight-week period. Serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced (21.7 and 15.0 mg/dl respectively) in the glucomannan treated group. No adverse reactions to glucomannan were reported.[Abstract]
  127. Vita PM, Restelli A, Caspani P, Klinger R. Minerva Med. 1992 Mar;83(3):135-9. Chronic use of glucomannan in the dietary treatment of severe obesity
    The comparative analysis of the results obtained in both groups showed that the diet + glucomannan group had a more significant weight loss in relation to the fatty mass alone, an overall improvement in lipid status and carbohydrate tolerance, and a greater adherence to the diet in the absence of any relevant side effects. Due to the marked ability to satiate patients and the positive metabolic effects, glucomannan diet supplements have been found to be particularly efficacious and well tolerated even in the long-term treatment of severe obesity.[Abstract]
  128. Van Walleghen EL, Orr JS, Gentile CL, Davy BM. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Jan;15(1):93-9 Pre-meal water consumption reduces meal energy intake in older but not younger
    Under acute test meal conditions, pre-meal water consumption reduces meal energy intake in older but not younger adults. Because older adults are at increased risk for overweight and obesity, intervention studies are needed to determine whether pre-meal water consumption is an effective long-term weight management strategy for the aging population.[Article]
  129. Davy BM, Dennis EA, Dengo AL, Wilson KL, Davy KP. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Jul;108(7):1236-9 Water consumption reduces energy intake at a breakfast meal in obese older adults
    Meal energy intake was significantly less in the water preload condition as compared with the no-preload condition (500+/-32 vs 574+/-38, respectively; P=0.004), representing an approximate 13% reduction in meal energy intake.[Abstract]
  130. Rössner S. Nord Med. 1990;105(6-7):190-1 Fasting--wrong in obesity?
    Fasting has been advocated as an effective way to reduce body weight. However, few data support any long-term effect of this therapy. On the contrary, evidence is accumulating that the repeated weight loss and concomitant weight gain, typical of fasting in many individuals, will lead to a subsequently higher body weight. Each weight cycle seems to increase the risk of a higher waist/hip ratio, greater metabolic efficiency and a food preference towards fat. All these trends result in further problems associated with weight loss and a vicious circle is established. [Abstract]
  131. Ravussin E. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995 Dec;19 Suppl 7:S8-S9 Low resting metabolic rate as a risk factor for weight gain: role of the sympathetic nervous system
    Resting metabolic rate (RMR) comprises 50-80% of daily energy expenditure, and is highly variable between subjects even after adjusting for body weight and body composition. RMR is believed to be genetically determined. Individuals with a low RMR for a given body size are at higher risk of significant weight gain, relative to those with a high RMR [Abstract]
  132. Josephine Connolly, Theresa Romano and Marisa Patruno Family Practice Vol. 16, No. 2, 196-201 Effects of dieting and exercise on resting metabolic rate and implications for weight management
    Resting metabolic rate accounts for 60–75% of total energy expenditure in sedentary people.2 Therefore, it is a major determinant of energy balance and changes in weight. Factors which decrease resting metabolic rate would be associated with difficulty maintaining weight or weight loss, or frank weight gain. On the contrary, anything that increases resting metabolic rate would facilitate weight loss and maintenance of weight loss. Caloric restriction is known to produce a short-term reduction in resting metabolic rate. [Article]
  133. Byrne HK, Wilmore JH. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2001 Mar;11(1):15-31. The effects of a 20-week exercise training program on resting metabolic rate in previously sedentary, moderately obese women
    Resistance training (RT) can potentiate an increase in RMR through an increase in fat-free mass.[Abstract]
  134. Lemons AD, Kreitzman SN, Coxon A, Howard A. Int J Obes. 1989;13 Suppl 2:119-23 Selection of appropriate exercise regimens for weight reduction during VLCD and maintenance
    We conclude that exercise with VLCD is beneficial particularly isotonic resistance training, in improving muscular efficiency and RMR/lean.[Abstract]
  135. Lim K, Ryu S, Ohishi Y, Watanabe I, Tomi H, Suh H, Lee WK, Kwon T. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 Apr;48(2):128-33 Short-term (-)-hydroxycitrate ingestion increases fat oxidation during exercise in athletes
    These results suggest that a short-term administration of HCA enhances endurance performance with increasing fat oxidation, which spares glycogen utilization during moderate intensity exercise in athletes.[Abstract]
  136. Downs BW, Bagchi M, Subbaraju GV, Shara MA, Preuss HG, Bagchi D. DNA Cell Biol. 2007 Sep;26(9):627-39. Bioefficacy of a novel calcium-potassium salt of (-)-hydroxycitric acid
    (-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a natural plant extract from the dried fruit rind of Garcinia cambogia, has been reported to promote body fat loss in humans without stimulating the central nervous system. Typically, HCA used in dietary weight loss supplement is bound to calcium, which results in a poorly soluble (<50%) and less bioavailable form. Conversely, the structural characteristics of a novel Ca2+/K+ bound (-)-HCA salt (HCA-SX or Super CitriMax) make it completely water soluble as well as bioavailable. HCA-SX has been shown to increase serotonin availability, reduce appetite, increase fat oxidation, improve blood lipid levels, reduce body weight, and modulate a number of obesity regulatory genes without affecting the mitochondrial and nuclear proteins required for normal biochemical and physiological functions.[Abstract]
  137. Preuss HG, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Rao CV, Dey DK, Satyanarayana S. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2004 May;6(3):171-80. Effects of a natural extract of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) and a combination of HCA-SX plus niacin-bound chromium and Gymnema sylvestre extract on weight loss
    At the end of 8 weeks, body weight and BMI decreased by 5-6% in both groups A and B. Food intake, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides and serum leptin levels were significantly reduced in both groups, while high-density lipoprotein levels and excretion of urinary fat metabolites increased in both groups. A marginal or non-significant effect was observed in all parameters in group C. The present study shows that optimal doses of HCA-SX and, to a greater degree, the combination of HCA-SX, NBC and GSE can serve as an effective and safe weight-loss formula that can facilitate a reduction in excess body weight and BMI, while promoting healthy blood lipid levels.[Abstract]
  138. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Kovacs EM. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 Jun;26(6):870-2. The effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate on energy intake and satiety in overweight humans.
    Twenty-four-hour EI was decreased by 15-30% (P<0.05) with HCA treatment compared to placebo, without changes in the appetite profile, dietary restraint, mood, taste perception and hedonics, while body weight tended to decrease (P=0.1).CONCLUSION: HCA treatment reduced 24 h EI in humans while satiety was sustained.[Abstract]
  139. Kovacs EM, Westerterp-Plantenga MS Physiol Behav. 2006 Jul 30;88(4-5):371-81. Epub 2006 May 24. Effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate on net fat synthesis as de novo lipogenesis
    (-)-Hydroxycitrate (HCA) might promote weight maintenance by limiting the capacity for de novo lipogenesis (DNL). During overfeeding, they ingested 3 x 500 mg/day HCA or placebo (PLA).. We conclude that an experimental condition resulting in DNL in humans was created and that treatment with HCA during overfeeding with carbohydrates may reduce DNL.[Abstract]
  140. Preuss HG, Garis RI, Bramble JD, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Rao CV, Satyanarayana S Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2005;25(3):133-44. Efficacy of a novel calcium/potassium salt of (-)-hydroxycitric acid in weight control
    The combined results confirm that HCA-SX and, to a greater degree, the combination of HCA-SX plus NBC and GSE reduce body weight and BMI, suppress appetite, improve blood lipid profiles, increase serum leptin and serotonin levels and increase fat oxidation more than placebo. We conclude that dosage levels, timing of administration, subject compliance and bioavailability of HCA-SX significantly affect results and that when taken as directed, HCA-SX is a highly effective adjunct to healthy weight control.[Abstract]
  141. Roy S, Shah H, Rink C, Khanna S, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Sen CK. Mutat Res. 2005 Nov 11;579(1-2):149-62. Epub 2005 Aug 1. Transcriptome of primary adipocytes from obese women in response to a novel hydroxycitric acid-based dietary supplement
    Obesity is a global public health problem. Traditional herbal medicines may have some potential in managing obesity. The dried fruit rind of Garcinia cambogia, also known as Malabar tamarind, is a unique source of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which exhibits a distinct sour taste and has been safely used for centuries in Southeastern Asia to make meals more filling. Taken together, the net effects support the antilipolytic and antiadipogenic effects of HCA-SX. Further human studies are warranted.[Abstract]
  142. Preuss HG, Rao CV, Garis R, Bramble JD, Ohia SE, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Sep 13;2:23 An overview of the safety and efficacy of a novel, natural(-)-hydroxycitric acid extract (HCA-SX) for weight management
    Garcinia cambogia-derived (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a safe, natural supplement for weight management. HCA is a competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, a key enzyme which facilitates the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and triglycerides. HCA-SX was also shown to exhibit concentration-dependent release of serotonin in isolated rat brain cortex, which may explain its appetite suppressive action. At the end of 8 weeks, body weight and BMI decreased by 5.4% and 5.2%, respectively. Food intake, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides and serum leptin levels were significantly reduced, while HDL and serotonin levels, and excretion of urinary fat metabolites (a biomarker of fat oxidation) significantly increased. No significant adverse effects were reported. These results demonstrate the safety, bioavailability and efficacy of HCA-SX in weight management.[Abstract]
  143. Diepvens K, Westerterp KR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Jan Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea
    Tools for obesity management, including caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea have been proposed as strategies for weight loss and weight maintenance, since they may increase energy expenditure and have been proposed to counteract the decrease in metabolic rate that is present during weight loss. Also positive effects on body-weight management have been shown using green tea mixtures. Green tea, by containing both tea catechins and caffeine, may act through inhibition of catechol O-methyl-transferase, and inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Here, the mechanisms may also operate synergistically. In addition, tea catechins have antiangiogenic properties that may prevent development of overweight and obesity. Furthermore, the sympathetic nervous system is involved in the regulation of lipolysis, and the sympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue may play an important role in the regulation of total body fat in general.[Abstract]
  144. Chantre P, Lairon D. Phytomedicine. 2002 Jan;9(1):3-8 Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity
    The green tea extract AR25 is an 80% ethanolic dry extract standardized at 25% catechins expressed as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). In vitro, green tea extract AR25 exerts a direct inhibition of gastric and pancreatic lipases and a stimulation of thermogenesis. In an open study, the effects of extract AR25 were evaluated in moderately obese patients. After 3 months, body weight was decreased by 4.6% and waist circumference by 4.48%. These results suggest the green tea extract AR25 to be a natural product for the treatment of obesity.[Abstract]
  145. Wolfram S, Wang Y, Thielecke F. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2006 Feb;50(2):176-87. Anti-obesity effects of green tea: from bedside to bench
    Green tea, green tea catechins, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have been demonstrated in cell culture and animal models of obesity to reduce adipocyte differentiation and proliferation, lipogenesis, fat mass, body weight, fat absorption, plasma levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, glucose, insulin and leptin, as well as to increase beta-oxidation and thermogenesis. Studies conducted with human subjects report reduced body weight and body fat, as well as increased fat oxidation and thermogenesis and thereby confirm findings in cell culture systems and animal models of obesity.[Abstract]
  146. Abdul G Dulloo, Claudette Duret, Dorothée Rohrer, Lucien Girardier, Nouri Mensi, Marc Fathi, Philippe Chantre and Jacques Vandermander American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 70, No. 6, 1040-1045, December 1999 Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans
    The green tea extract may play a role in the control of body composition via sympathetic activation of thermogenesis, fat oxidation, or both.[Article]
  147. Shixian Q, VanCrey B, Shi J, Kakuda Y, Jiang Y. J Med Food. 2006 Winter;9(4):451-8 Green tea extract thermogenesis-induced weight loss by epigallocatechin gallate inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase
    Epidemiological studies have shown that intake of tea catechins is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Reports have shown that green tea extract intake is associated with increased weight loss due to diet-induced thermogenesis, which is generally attributed to the catechin epigallocatechin gallate. That catechin-polyphenols are known to be capable of inhibiting catechol-O-methyltransferase (the enzyme that degrades norepinephrine) is a possible explanation for why the green tea extract is effective in stimulating thermogenesis by epigallocatechin gallate to augment and prolong sympathetic stimulation of thermogenesis.[Abstract]
  148. RIVM Briefrapport 350050005/2007 24-uurs urine-excretie van jodium Voedingsstatusonderzoek bij volwassen Nederlanders
    De mediane jodiumconcentratie in urine van volwassenen uit Doetinchem was 109 ?g per liter. [Article]
  149. Hampel R, Bennöhr G, Gordalla A, Below H. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2010 Apr;118(4):254-7. Urinary iodide excretion in adults in germany 2005 meets WHO target
    There were no significant differences between age groups, sexes or regions. 64% had no iodine deficiency (>100 microg/l). [Abstract]
  150. Brussaard JH, Brants HA, Hulshof KF, Kistemaker C, Löwik MR. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Nov;51 Suppl 3:S59-62 Iodine intake and urinary excretion among adults in the Netherlands
    On average, iodine intake (mean of three days) in men was in the recommended range of 150-300 microg/d, but average intake in women was not.[Abstract]
  151. Brussaard JH, Hulshof KF, Kistemaker C, Löwik MR. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997 Nov;51 Suppl 4:S11-5. Adequacy of the iodine supply in The Netherlands
    Mean intake of iodine, measured with different food consumption methods in the period 1984-1993, met the recommended amount of 150-300 microg per day in males, but not in females.[Abstract]
  152. Jodiumgebrek onder 6 miljoen Nederlanders
    Richard Verheesen (reumatoloog) en Carin Schweitzer (interniste) doen rake medischonderbouwde uitspraken over Jodiumtekort bij 6.000.000 Nederlanders. [Movie]
  153. Convenant: bakkerszout in plaats van broodzout Gepubliceerd op 21-10-2008
    Broodzout in brood wordt vervangen door bakkerszout. Er is een wijziging van de warenwet voorafgegaan aan het convenant. In de warenwet is opgenomen dat vanaf 20 juni 2009 het gebruik van broodzout (met het oude gehalte aan jodium) niet meer is toegestaan. Bakkerszout bevat 50-65 mg jodium per kg zout. Broodzout bevat 70-85 mg jodium per kg zout. [Article]
  154. Hoption Cann SA. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006 Feb;25(1):1-11. Hypothesis: dietary iodine intake in the etiology of cardiovascular disease
    In recent years, public health bodies have aggressively promoted sodium restriction as a means of reducing hypertension and the risk of cardiovascular disease. These inducements have led to a general decline in iodine intake in many developed countries. For example, a United States national health survey conducted in the early 1970s observed that 1 in 40 individuals had urinary iodine levels suggestive of moderate or greater iodine deficiency; twenty years later, moderate to severe iodine deficiency was observed in 1 in 9 participants.[Article]
  155. Yoon SJ, Choi SR, Kim DM, Kim JU, Kim KW, Ahn CW, Cha BS, Lim SK, Kim KR, Lee HC, Huh KB. Yonsei Med J. 2003 Apr 30;44(2):227-35. The effect of iodine restriction on thyroid function in patients with hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis
    In conclusion, 78.3% of patients with hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis regained an euthyroid state on iodine restriction alone. Both a low initial serum TSH and a high initial urinary iodine concentration can be predictable factors for a recovery from hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis after restricting their iodine intake.[Article]
  156. Teng X, Shi X, Shan Z, Jin Y, Guan H, Li Y, Yang F, Wang W, Tong Y, Teng W. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 Jan;121(1):23-30 Safe range of iodine intake levels: a comparative study of thyroid diseases in three women population cohorts with slightly different iodine intake levels
    Iodine excess may lead to thyroid diseases. Our previous 5-year prospective survey showed that the prevalence and incidence of hypothyroidism or autoimmune thyroiditis increased with iodine intake..[Abstract]
  157. Teng W, Shan Z, Teng X, Guan H, Li Y, Teng D, Jin Y, Yu X, Fan C, Chong W, Yang F, Dai H, Yu Y, Li J, Chen Y, Zhao D, Shi X, Hu F, Mao J, Gu X, Yang R, Tong Y, Wang W, Gao T, Li C. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 29;354(26):2783-93. Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China
    More than adequate or excessive iodine intake may lead to hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. [Article]
  158. Laurberg P, Bülow Pedersen I, Knudsen N, Ovesen L, Andersen S. Thyroid. 2001 May;11(5):457-69. Environmental iodine intake affects the type of nonmalignant thyroid disease
    The relationship between the iodine intake level of a population and the occurrence of thyroid diseases is U-shaped with an increase in risk from both low and high iodine intakes. [Abstract]
  159. Kasagi K, Iwata M, Misaki T, Konishi J. Thyroid. 2003 Jun;13(6):561-7. Effect of iodine restriction on thyroid function in patients with primary hypothyroidism
    Dietary iodine intake in Japan varies from as little as 0.1 mg/day to as much as 20 mg/day. The present study was undertaken to assess the frequency of iodine-induced reversible hypothyroidism. In conclusion, (1) primary hypothyroidism was recovered following iodine restriction in more than half of the patients, and (2) the reversibility of hypothyroidism was not significantly associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis but with increased (99m)Tc uptake and elevated non-hormonal iodine levels. [Abstract]
  160. Arthur JR, Nicol F, Beckett GJ. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Apr-Jun;33:37-42 The role of selenium in thyroid hormone metabolism and effects of selenium deficiency on thyroid hormone and iodine metabolism
    Selenium deficiency impairs thyroid hormone metabolism by inhibiting the synthesis and activity of the iodothyronine deiodinases, which convert thyroxine (T4) to the more metabolically active 3,3'-5 triiodothyronine (T3). .[Abstract]
  161. Bouvier N, Millart H. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 1997;58(4):310-5. Relationships between selenium deficiency and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) synthesis
    veral enzymes, the main being type I 5' deiodinase, ensure thyroxin (T4) into 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) deiodination, both in the thyroid and in peripheral tissues. One of the feature of this enzymatic reaction is its regulation. It depends in part on individual selenium and iodine status. It has been shown by an analysis of thyroid hormones concentrations variations, when one of these trace elements is missing.[Abstract]
  162. Kauf E, Dawczynski H, Jahreis G, Janitzky E, Winnefeld K. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1994 Mar;40(3):247-53 Sodium selenite therapy and thyroid-hormone status in cystic fibrosis and congenital hypothyroidism
    Apart from an improvement of the antioxidant status a stimulation of thyroid-hormone efficacy owing to increased T4--T3 conversion is also noteworthy in sodium selenite medication. [Abstract]
  163. Olivieri O, Girelli D, Azzini M, Stanzial AM, Russo C, Ferroni M, Corrocher R. Clin Sci (Lond). 1995 Dec;89(6):637-42 Low selenium status in the elderly influences thyroid hormones
    Iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase, which is mainly responsible for peripheral triiodothyronine (T3) production, has recently been demonstrated to be a selenium-containing enzyme. In the elderly, reduced peripheral conversion of thyroxine (T4) to T3 and overt hypothyroidism are frequently observed.[Abstract]
  164. Olivieri O, Girelli D, Stanzial AM, Rossi L, Bassi A, Corrocher R. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996 Jan;51(1):31-41. Selenium, zinc, and thyroid hormones in healthy subjects: low T3/T4 ratio in the elderly is related to impaired selenium status
    We concluded that reduced peripheral T4 conversion is related to impaired Se status in the elderly.[Abstract]
  165. Gärtner R, Gasnier BC, Dietrich JW, Krebs B, Angstwurm MW.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;87(4):1687-91. Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations.
    In areas with severe selenium deficiency there is a higher incidence of thyroiditis due to a decreased activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity within thyroid cells. Selenium-dependent enzymes also have several modifying effects on the immune system. Therefore, even mild selenium deficiency may contribute to the development and maintenance of autoimmune thyroid diseases .[Abstract]
  166. Duntas LH, Mantzou E, Koutras DA.. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003 Apr;148(4):389-93. Effects of a six month treatment with selenomethionine in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis
    Selenomethionine is proven to be rapidly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. It appears to be useful as adjunctive therapy with LT(4) in the treatment of AIT. The exact mechanism(s) is not very well determined, it might enhance the activity of detoxifying enzymes and enforce the defense against oxidative stress .[Abstract]
  167. Mazokopakis EE, Chatzipavlidou V. Hell J Nucl Med. 2007 Jan-Apr;10(1):6-8 Hashimoto's thyroiditis and the role of selenium. Current concepts
    Recent clinical studies have documented the suppressive effect of selenium treatment on serum anti-thyroid peroxidase concentrations in patients with HT. Recent clinical studies have documented the suppressive effect of selenium treatment on serum anti-thyroid peroxidase concentrations in patients with HT.[Abstract]
  168. Negro R, Greco G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Apr;92(4):1263-8 The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies
    Se supplementation during pregnancy and in the postpartum period reduced thyroid inflammatory activity and the incidence of hypothyroidism..[Article]
  169. Nationaalkompas: Diabetes mellitus samengevat
    In 2007 hadden ruim 740.000 mensen diabetes mellitus (95%-betrouwbaarheidsinterval: 665.000 - 824.000) (jaarprevalentie op basis van huisartsenregistraties). Op 1 januari 2007 waren er 668.000 mensen met diabetes; in de loop van 2007 kwamen daar ongeveer 71.000 nieuwe patiënten met diabetes bij (95%-betrouwbaarheidsinterval: 57.000 - 90.000). [Article]
  170. Hay PJ, Claudino AM. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 Mar 25:1-14 Clinical psychopharmacology of eating disorders: a research update
    However, there is support for use of antidepressants, particularly high-dose fluoxetine in bulimia nervosa, and anticonvulsants (topiramate) for binge-eating disorder. [Abstract]
  171. Chakraborty K, Basu D. Indian J Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;52(2):174-86 Management of anorexia and bulimia nervosa: An evidence-based review
    In bulimia nervosa, both fluoxetine and cognitive behavior therapy have been found to be effective.[Article]
  172. Sysko R, Sha N, Wang Y, Duan N, Walsh BT. Psychol Med. 2010 Jun;40(6):999-1005. Early response to antidepressant treatment in bulimia nervosa
    The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between initial and later response to fluoxetine, the only antidepressant medication approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of BN, with the goal of developing guidelines to aid clinicians in deciding when to alter the course of treatment.[Abstract]

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