History of the Nutritional Science

1. Mozaffarian D, Rosenberg I, Uauy R. History of modern nutrition science-implications for current research, dietary guidelines, and food policy. BMJ. 2018 Jun 13;361:k2392. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k2392. PMID: 29899124; PMCID: PMC5998735.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29899124/

2. Mozaffarian D, Ludwig DS. Dietary guidelines in the 21st century--a time for food. JAMA. 2010 Aug 11;304(6):681-2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1116. PMID: 20699461.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20699461/

Lipid-heart hypothesis

3. Keys, A. (1953). Atherosclerosis: a problem in newer public health. Atherosclerosis, 1, 19.

https://coachmikeblogs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Keys_Atheroscleros...

4. Page, I. H., Allen, E. V., Chamberlain, F. L., Keys, A., Stamler, J., & Stare, F. J. (1961). Dietary fat and its relation to heart attacks and strokes. Circulation, 23(1), 133-136.

https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/01.cir.23.1.133

5. Keys A, Menotti A, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Djordevic BS, Buzina R, Dontas AS, Fidanza F, Karvonen MJ, Kimura N, et al. The seven countries study: 2,289 deaths in 15 years. Prev Med. 1984 Mar;13(2):141-54. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(84)90047-1. PMID: 6739443.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6739443/

6. Podcast. Sugar vs. Cholesterol: John Yudkin vs. Ancel Keys, Montana Public Radio | By The Food Guys Published May 1, 2015 at 10:07 PM MDT, accessed 08 September 2024

https://www.mtpr.org/arts-culture/2015-05-01/sugar-vs-cholesterol-john-y...

Comment on Lipid-heart hypothesis

7. Ravnskov U. A hypothesis out-of-date. the diet-heart idea. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 Nov;55(11):1057-63. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00504-8. PMID: 12507667.

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8. Ravnskov U. The fallacies of the lipid hypothesis. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2008 Aug;42(4):236-9. doi: 10.1080/14017430801983082. PMID: 18615352.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18615352/

9. Weinberg SL. The diet-heart hypothesis: a critique. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Mar 3;43(5):731-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.10.034. PMID: 14998608.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14998608/

10. Lands B. A critique of paradoxes in current advice on dietary lipids. Prog Lipid Res. 2008 Mar;47(2):77-106. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.12.001. Epub 2007 Dec 15. PMID: 18177743.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18177743/

11. Ravnskov U. Cholesterol was healthy in the end. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2009;100:90-109. doi: 10.1159/000235715. Epub 2009 Aug 17. PMID: 19696531.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19696531/

12. Ravnskov U, de Lorgeril M, Diamond DM, Hama R, Hamazaki T, Hammarskjöld B, Hynes N, Kendrick M, Langsjoen PH, Mascitelli L, McCully KS, Okuyama H, Rosch PJ, Schersten T, Sultan S, Sundberg R. LDL-C does not cause cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive review of the current literature. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Oct;11(10):959-970. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1519391. Epub 2018 Oct 11. PMID: 30198808.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30198808/

13. Ravnskov U, DiNicolantonio JJ, Harcombe Z, Kummerow FA, Okuyama H, Worm N. The questionable benefits of exchanging saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014 Apr;89(4):451-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.006. Epub 2014 Feb 26. Erratum in: Mayo Clin Proc. 2015 Apr;90(4):558. PMID: 24581756.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24581756/

14. Malhotra A. Saturated fat is not the major issue. BMJ. 2013 Oct 22;347:f6340. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6340. Erratum in: BMJ. 2014;348:g3332. PMID: 24149521.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24149521/

15. Malhotra A, Redberg RF, Meier P. Saturated fat does not clog the arteries: coronary heart disease is a chronic inflammatory condition, the risk of which can be effectively reduced from healthy lifestyle interventions. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Aug;51(15):1111-1112. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097285. Epub 2017 Apr 25. PMID: 28442474.

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16. Muskiet, F. A., Muskiet, M.H.A., Kuipers, R. (2012). Het faillissement van de verzadigd vethypothese van cardiovasculaire ziektes. Ned Tijdschr Klin Chem Labgeneesk, 37(3), 192-211.

https://www.nvkc.nl/files/ntkc/2012-3-p192-211.pdf

17. Muskiet, F. A. (2016). De LDL-cholesterol concentratie heeft zijn status als risicofactor verloren. Ned Tijdschr Klin Chem Labgeneesk, 41(4), 253-265.

https://www.nvkc.nl/files/ntkc/N60_062175_NVKC_Oktober2016_WQ_2.pdf

Lipid-heart hypothesis in traditionally living populations

19. MANN GV, SHAFFER RD, ANDERSON RS, SANDSTEAD HH. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN THE MASAI. J Atheroscler Res. 1964 Jul-Aug;4:289-312. doi: 10.1016/s0368-1319(64)80041-7. PMID: 14193818.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14193818/

20. Mann GV, Shaffer RD, Rich A. Physical fitness and immunity to heart-disease in Masai. Lancet. 1965 Dec 25;2(7426):1308-10. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(65)92337-8. PMID: 4165302.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4165302/

21. Mann GV, Spoerry A, Gray M, Jarashow D. Atherosclerosis in the Masai. Am J Epidemiol. 1972 Jan;95(1):26-37. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121365. PMID: 5007361.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5007361/

22. Stanhope JM, Sampson VM, Prior IA. The Tokelau Island Migrant Study: serum lipid concentration in two environments. J Chronic Dis. 1981;34(2-3):45-55. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(81)90050-3. PMID: 7462380.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7462380/

Hypothesis falsification

23. Karl Popper. Wikipedia, accessed 08 September 2024

https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper

Heating meat in polyunsaturated fat

24. Li C, Bishop TRP, Imamura F, Sharp SJ, Pearce M, Brage S, Ong KK, Ahsan H, Bes-Rastrollo M, Beulens JWJ, den Braver N, Byberg L, Canhada S, Chen Z, Chung HF, Cortés-Valencia A, Djousse L, Drouin-Chartier JP, Du H, Du S, Duncan BB, Gaziano JM, Gordon-Larsen P, Goto A, Haghighatdoost F, Härkänen T, Hashemian M, Hu FB, Ittermann T, Järvinen R, Kakkoura MG, Neelakantan N, Knekt P, Lajous M, Li Y, Magliano DJ, Malekzadeh R, Le Marchand L, Marques-Vidal P, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Maskarinec G, Mishra GD, Mohammadifard N, O'Donoghue G, O'Gorman D, Popkin B, Poustchi H, Sarrafzadegan N, Sawada N, Schmidt MI, Shaw JE, Soedamah-Muthu S, Stern D, Tong L, van Dam RM, Völzke H, Willett WC, Wolk A, Yu C; EPIC-InterAct Consortium; Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ. Meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes: an individual-participant federated meta-analysis of 1·97 million adults with 100 000 incident cases from 31 cohorts in 20 countries. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024 Sep;12(9):619-630. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00179-7. PMID: 39174161.

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25. Beddows CG, Jagait C, Kelly MJ. Preservation of alpha-tocopherol in sunflower oil by herbs and spices. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2000 Sep;51(5):327-39. doi: 10.1080/096374800426920. PMID: 11103298.

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26. Morales A, Marmesat S, Dobarganes MC, Márquez-Ruiz G, Velasco J. Quantitative analysis of hydroperoxy-, keto- and hydroxy-dienes in refined vegetable oils. J Chromatogr A. 2012 Mar 16;1229:190-7. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.039. Epub 2012 Jan 24. PMID: 22321954.

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27. Şahin S, Elhussein E, Gülmez Ö, Kurtulbaş E, Yazar S. Improving the quality of vegetable oils treated with phytochemicals: a comparative study. J Food Sci Technol. 2020 Nov;57(11):3980-3987. doi: 10.1007/s13197-020-04428-z. Epub 2020 Apr 15. PMID: 33071320; PMCID: PMC7520389.

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28. Viana da Silva, M., Santos, M. R. C., Alves Silva, I. R., Macedo Viana, E. B., Dos Anjos, D. A., Santos, I. A., ... & Lannes, S. C. D. S. (2022). Synthetic and natural antioxidants used in the oxidative stability of edible oils: An overview. Food Reviews International, 38(sup1), 349-372.

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29. Zhang Y, Tian X, Jiao Y, Wang Y, Dong J, Yang N, Yang Q, Qu W, Wang W. Free iron rather than heme iron mainly induces oxidation of lipids and proteins in meat cooking. Food Chem. 2022 Jul 15;382:132345. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132345. Epub 2022 Feb 5. PMID: 35149466.

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30. Iammarino M, Marino R, Nardelli V, Ingegno M, Albenzio M. Red Meat Heating Processes, Toxic Compounds Production and Nutritional Parameters Changes: What about Risk-Benefit? Foods. 2024 Jan 30;13(3):445. doi: 10.3390/foods13030445. PMID: 38338580; PMCID: PMC10855356.

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31. Bohn, V. F., Schappo, F. B., Alves, A. S. B., Ribeiro, C. D. F., & Nunes, I. L. (2024). Polyphenol antioxidants in vegetable oils: A scientific and technological prospecting. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 80, 407-436.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780443155895000128

Linoleic acid in (infant) nutrition

32. Mercola J, D'Adamo CR. Linoleic Acid: A Narrative Review of the Effects of Increased Intake in the Standard American Diet and Associations with Chronic Disease. Nutrients. 2023 Jul 13;15(14):3129. doi: 10.3390/nu15143129. PMID: 37513547; PMCID: PMC10386285.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10386285/

33. Carlson SE, Schipper L, Brenna JT, Agostoni C, Calder PC, Forsyth S, Legrand P, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, van de Heijning BJM, van der Beek EM, Koletzko BV, Muhlhausler B. Perspective: Moving Toward Desirable Linoleic Acid Content in Infant Formula. Adv Nutr. 2021 Dec 1;12(6):2085-2098. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab076. PMID: 34265035; PMCID: PMC8634410.

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34. Einerhand AWC, Mi W, Haandrikman A, Sheng XY, Calder PC. The Impact of Linoleic Acid on Infant Health in the Absence or Presence of DHA in Infant Formulas. Nutrients. 2023 May 4;15(9):2187. doi: 10.3390/nu15092187. PMID: 37432333; PMCID: PMC10180831.

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Nonlinear confounders in multivariate analyses

35. Hemkens LG, Ewald H, Naudet F, Ladanie A, Shaw JG, Sajeev G, Ioannidis JPA. Interpretation of epidemiologic studies very often lacked adequate consideration of confounding. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018 Jan;93:94-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.09.013. Epub 2017 Sep 21. PMID: 28943377.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28943377/

36. Schuster NA, Rijnhart JJM, Bosman LC, Twisk JWR, Klausch T, Heymans MW. Misspecification of confounder-exposure and confounder-outcome associations leads to bias in effect estimates. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2023 Jan 12;23(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s12874-022-01817-0. PMID: 36635655; PMCID: PMC9835340.

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37. Pouwels KB, Widyakusuma NN, Groenwold RH, Hak E. Quality of reporting of confounding remained suboptimal after the STROBE guideline. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016 Jan;69:217-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.08.009. Epub 2015 Aug 29. PMID: 26327488.

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Trans fatty acids

38. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2018). Scientific and technical assistance on trans fatty acids (Vol. 15, No. 6, p. 1433E).

https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1433

Evidence Based Medicine

39. Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB. Evidence-Based Medicine—How to Practice and Teach EBM. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997, 250 pp. ISBN 0-443-05686-2.

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40. Sackett DL. The sins of expertness and a proposal for redemption. BMJ. 2000;320(7244):1283

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41. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 1996;312(7023):71-2

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42. Ioannidis JP. Evidence-based medicine has been hijacked: a report to David Sackett. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;73:82-86. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.02.012

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26934549/

43. Raad voor Volksgezondheid en Samenleving. Zonder context geen bewijs. Over de illusie van evidence-based practice in de zorg. Den Haag, juni 2017, Xerox/OBT, Publicatie 17-05. ISBN: 987-90-5732-267-9

https://www.zorgvisie.nl/PageFiles/103563/WEB_103526_adv17%20(2).pdf

American Heart Association presidential advice

44. Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JHY, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG, Stone NJ, Van Horn LV; American Heart Association. Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017 Jul 18;136(3):e1-e23. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510. Epub 2017 Jun 15. Erratum in: Circulation. 2017 Sep 5;136(10):e195. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000529. PMID: 28620111.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28620111/

45. Muskiet, F. A. J., Ruiz-Nunez, B., & Dijck-Brouwer, D. A. J. (2017). Comment on the report ‘Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease. A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association (AHA). Ned Tijdschr Klin Chem Lab Geneeskd, 42, 224-228.

https://www.nvkc.nl/files/ntkc/Comment%20on%20report.pdf

Salt, potassium, nitrate, metabolic syndrome

46. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jürgens G. Effects of low-sodium diet vs. high-sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride (Cochrane Review). Am J Hypertens. 2012 Jan;25(1):1-15. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.210. Epub 2011 Nov 9. PMID: 22068710.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22068710/

47. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 12;12:CD004022. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004022.pub5. PMID: 33314019.

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48. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER 3rd, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH; DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 4;344(1):3-10. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200101043440101. PMID: 11136953.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11136953/

49. Muskiet FAJ, Schaafsma G. Hoe zit het met dat zout? Voedingsgeneeskunde 2021;22(5)54-63

https://www.voedingsgeneeskunde.nl/vg-22-5/hoe-zit-het-met-dat-zout

50. Muskiet, F. A. J. (2015). Eten we teveel zout (natrium)? Een holistische kijk op onze Na-K-Ca-Mg en zuur/base balans. Ned Tijdschr Klin Chem Labgeneesk, 40(3), 164-193.

https://www.nvkc.nl/files/ntkc/N60_049408_BW_NVKC_Juli2015_WQ_01.pdf

51. Oria, M., Harrison, M., & Stallings, V. A. (Eds.). (2019). Dietary Reference Intakes for sodium and potassium.

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52. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), Turck, D., Bresson, J. L., Burlingame, B., Dean, T., Fairweather‐Tait, S., ... & Naska, A. (2016). Dietary reference values for potassium. EFSA Journal, 14(10), e04592.

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53. Bryan NS. Nitric oxide deficiency is a primary driver of hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol. 2022 Dec;206:115325. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115325. Epub 2022 Nov 5. PMID: 36349641.

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54. EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS), Mortensen, A., Aguilar, F., Crebelli, R., Di Domenico, A., Dusemund, B., ... & Younes, M. (2017). Re‐evaluation of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) as food additives. Efsa journal, 15(6), e04786.

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Large fish oil RCTs

55. Kotwal S, Jun M, Sullivan D, Perkovic V, Neal B. Omega 3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012 Nov;5(6):808-18. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.966168. Epub 2012 Oct 30. PMID: 23110790.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23110790/

56. Rodriguez D, Lavie CJ, Elagizi A, Milani RV. Update on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Health. Nutrients. 2022 Dec 3;14(23):5146. doi: 10.3390/nu14235146. PMID: 36501174; PMCID: PMC9739673.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501174/

VITAL (vitamin D and fish oil) RCT

57. Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, Christen W, Bassuk SS, Mora S, Gibson H, Albert CM, Gordon D, Copeland T, D'Agostino D, Friedenberg G, Ridge C, Bubes V, Giovannucci EL, Willett WC, Buring JE; VITAL Research Group. Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 3;380(1):23-32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1811403. Epub 2018 Nov 10. PMID: 30415637; PMCID: PMC6392053.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415637/

58. Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, Christen W, Bassuk SS, Mora S, Gibson H, Gordon D, Copeland T, D'Agostino D, Friedenberg G, Ridge C, Bubes V, Giovannucci EL, Willett WC, Buring JE; VITAL Research Group. Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 3;380(1):33-44. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1809944. Epub 2018 Nov 10. PMID: 30415629; PMCID: PMC6425757.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415629/

Problems in current fish oil RCTs

59. Harris WS. Are n-3 fatty acids still cardioprotective? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013 Mar;16(2):141-9. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32835bf380. PMID: 23196817.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23196817/

60. Pradhan AD, Manson JE. Update on the Vitamin D and OmegA-3 trial (VITAL). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016 Jan;155(Pt B):252-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.006. Epub 2015 Apr 9. PMID: 25864623; PMCID: PMC4600007.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25864623/

61. Sears, B. (2018). Appropriate doses of omega-3 fatty acids for therapeutic results. CellR4, 6, e2578.

https://www.cellr4.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/12/e2578-Appropri...

Mediterranean diet RCT

62. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas MI, Corella D, Arós F, Gómez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Basora J, Muñoz MA, Sorlí JV, Martínez JA, Fitó M, Gea A, Hernán MA, Martínez-González MA; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 21;378(25):e34. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800389. Epub 2018 Jun 13. PMID: 29897866.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29897866/

Microbiome

63. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans. Cell. 2016 Jan 28;164(3):337-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.013. PMID: 26824647.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26824647/

64. Alcock J, Maley CC, Aktipis CA. Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms. Bioessays. 2014 Oct;36(10):940-9. doi: 10.1002/bies.201400071. Epub 2014 Aug 8. PMID: 25103109; PMCID: PMC4270213.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4270213/

65. Fetissov SO. Role of the gut microbiota in host appetite control: bacterial growth to animal feeding behaviour. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017 Jan;13(1):11-25. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.150. Epub 2016 Sep 12. PMID: 27616451.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27616451/

66. Han H, Yi B, Zhong R, Wang M, Zhang S, Ma J, Yin Y, Yin J, Chen L, Zhang H. From gut microbiota to host appetite: gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key regulators. Microbiome. 2021 Jul 20;9(1):162. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01093-y. PMID: 34284827; PMCID: PMC8293578.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34284827/

67. de Wouters d'Oplinter A, Huwart SJP, Cani PD, Everard A. Gut microbes and food reward: From the gut to the brain. Front Neurosci. 2022 Jul 25;16:947240. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.947240. PMID: 35958993; PMCID: PMC9358980.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9358980/

68. McNulty R, Sritharan D, Pahng SH, Meisch JP, Liu S, Brennan MA, Saxer G, Hormoz S, Rosenthal AZ. Probe-based bacterial single-cell RNA sequencing predicts toxin regulation. Nat Microbiol. 2023 May;8(5):934-945. doi: 10.1038/s41564-023-01348-4. Epub 2023 Apr 3. PMID: 37012420; PMCID: PMC10159851.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37012420/

Our evolutionary past

69. Ben-Dor M, Sirtoli R, Barkai R. The evolution of the human trophic level during the Pleistocene. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2021 Aug;175 Suppl 72:27-56. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24247. Epub 2021 Mar 5. PMID: 33675083.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33675083/

70. Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Muskiet FAJ, Verheesen RH, Schaafsma G, Schaafsma A, Geurts JMW. Thyroidal and Extrathyroidal Requirements for Iodine and Selenium: A Combined Evolutionary and (Patho)Physiological Approach. Nutrients. 2022 Sep 20;14(19):3886. doi: 10.3390/nu14193886. PMID: 36235539; PMCID: PMC9571367.

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Dietary reference intakes (DRIs)

71. Blomhoff, R., Andersen, R., Arnesen, E. K., Christensen, J. J., Eneroth, H., Erkkola, M., ... & Trolle, E. (2023). Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023: integrating environmental aspects. Nordic Council of Ministers.

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Whole of the evidence

72. HILL AB. THE ENVIRONMENT AND DISEASE: ASSOCIATION OR CAUSATION? Proc R Soc Med. 1965 May;58(5):295-300. PMID: 14283879; PMCID: PMC1898525.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14283879/

Definition of health based on Darwin

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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21791490/