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9. Degnan PH, Taga ME, Goodman AL. Vitamin B12 as a modulator of gut microbial ecology. Cell Metab. 2014 Nov 4;20(5):769-778. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.10.002. Epub 2014 Nov 4. PMID: 25440056; PMCID: PMC4260394.

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11a. Frye KA, Piamthai V, Hsiao A, Degnan PH. Mobilization of vitamin B12 transporters alters competitive dynamics in a human gut microbe. Cell Rep. 2021 Dec 28;37(13):110164. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110164. PMID: 34965410.

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12. Seetharam B, Alpers DH. Absorption and transport of cobalamin (vitamin B12). Annu Rev Nutr. 1982;2:343-69. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nu.02.070182.002015. PMID: 6313022.

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13. Wuerges J, Geremia S, Randaccio L. Structural study on ligand specificity of human vitamin B12 transporters. Biochem J. 2007 May 1;403(3):431-40. doi: 10.1042/BJ20061394. PMID: 17274763; PMCID: PMC1876373.

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15. Andrès E, Loukili NH, Noel E, Kaltenbach G, Abdelgheni MB, Perrin AE, Noblet-Dick M, Maloisel F, Schlienger JL, Blicklé JF. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients. CMAJ. 2004 Aug 3;171(3):251-9. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1031155. PMID: 15289425; PMCID: PMC490077.

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17. Jung SB, Nagaraja V, Kapur A, Eslick GD. Association between vitamin B12 deficiency and long-term use of acid-lowering agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Med J. 2015 Apr;45(4):409-16. doi: 10.1111/imj.12697. PMID: 25583062.

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19. Chan CQ, Low LL, Lee KH. Oral Vitamin B12 Replacement for the Treatment of Pernicious Anemia. Front Med (Lausanne). 2016 Aug 23;3:38. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00038. PMID: 27602354; PMCID: PMC4993789.

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20. Obeid R, Fedosov SN, Nexo E. Cobalamin coenzyme forms are not likely to be superior to cyano- and hydroxyl-cobalamin in prevention or treatment of cobalamin deficiency. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015 Jul;59(7):1364-72. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500019. Epub 2015 May 12. PMID: 25820384; PMCID: PMC4692085.

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21. Xu Y, Xiang S, Ye K, Zheng Y, Feng X, Zhu X, Chen J, Chen Y. Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Induced a Shift in Microbial Composition and Metabolic Activity in an in vitro Colon Simulation. Front Microbiol. 2018 Nov 16;9:2780. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02780. PMID: 30505299; PMCID: PMC6250798.

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23. Guetterman HM, Huey SL, Knight R, Fox AM, Mehta S, Finkelstein JL. Vitamin B-12 and the Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr. 2021 Oct 6:nmab123. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab123. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34612492.

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23a. Roth W, Mohamadzadeh M. Vitamin B12 and gut-brain homeostasis in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. EBioMedicine. 2021 Nov;73:103676. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103676. Epub 2021 Nov 6. PMID: 34749301; PMCID: PMC8586745.

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23b. Yahn GB, Abato JE, Jadavji NM. Role of vitamin B12 deficiency in ischemic stroke risk and outcome. Neural Regen Res. 2021 Mar;16(3):470-474. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.291381. PMID: 32985467; PMCID: PMC7996019.

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23c. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1998. PMID: 23193625.

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34. Niafar M, Hai F, Porhomayon J, Nader ND. The role of metformin on vitamin B12 deficiency: a meta-analysis review. Intern Emerg Med. 2015 Feb;10(1):93-102. doi: 10.1007/s11739-014-1157-5. Epub 2014 Dec 13. PMID: 25502588.

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35. Pawlak R, Lester SE, Babatunde T. The prevalence of cobalamin deficiency among vegetarians assessed by serum vitamin B12: a review of literature. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 May;68(5):541-8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.46. Epub 2014 Mar 26. Erratum in: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016 Jul;70(7):866. PMID: 24667752.

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47a. Surendran S, Adaikalakoteswari A, Saravanan P, Shatwaan IA, Lovegrove JA, Vimaleswaran KS. An update on vitamin B12-related gene polymorphisms and B12 status. Genes Nutr. 2018 Feb 6;13:2. doi: 10.1186/s12263-018-0591-9. PMID: 29445423; PMCID: PMC5801754.

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49. Bito T, Bito M, Hirooka T, Okamoto N, Harada N, Yamaji R, Nakano Y, Inui H, Watanabe F. Biological Activity of Pseudovitamin B12 on Cobalamin-Dependent Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase and Methionine Synthase in Mammalian Cultured COS-7 Cells. Molecules. 2020 Jul 17;25(14):3268. doi: 10.3390/molecules25143268. PMID: 32709013; PMCID: PMC7396987.

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