Rode pepers zijn hot, ook in de fytotherapie. De voornaamste actieve stof heet capsaïcine en prikkelt een (pijn)receptor in het lichaam. Rode pepers kunnen nuttig zijn in pijnbestrijding en in de strijd tegen overgewicht. Die laatste toepassing is onder meer gestoeld op het thermogene karakter van capsaïcine. Experimenten tonen ook mogelijkheden bij kanker en de preventie ervan, maar daarover bestaat nog onenigheid.
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