Antivirale medicatie kan succesvol het hiv-virus in het lichaam onderdrukken. In eerste instantie is de rol van voedingssupplementen dus beperkt. Ze worden wel belangrijker naarmate de neveneffecten van medicatie gaan doorwegen, die immers levenslang genomen moet worden. Hiv wordt steeds minder een kwestie van infectie, maar van ontsteking. Voor probiotica liggen de argumenten voor het rapen. Twee andere belangrijke onderzoekspistes zijn die van tryptofaan en oxidatieve stress. Rond kruiden beweegt er zeer veel in laboratoria, maar klinische studies zijn op een aantal handen te tellen. Recent verschenen wel bemoedigende berichten omtrent zwarte komijn.
Beste bezoeker, u heeft geen toegang.
Enkel (web)abonnees hebben toegang tot tijdschriftartikelen. Het webabonnement is nog in de maak.
U kunt zich wel alvast (gratis) registreren en tal van andere webartikelen raadplegen!
Auteur
Verschenen in
Referenties
Adler MW, Edwards RF, Miller RF et al. ABC of HIV and AIDS. Wiley-Blackwell (2012) BMJ Books 6th edtion
Akerlund B, Jarstrand C, Lindeke B et al. Effect of N-acetylcysteine(NAC) treatment on HIV-1 infection: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;50(6):457-61
Akinboro AO, Onayemi O, Ayodele OE, Mejiuni AD, Atiba AS. The impacts of first line highly active antiretroviral therapy on serum selenium, CD4 count and body mass index: a cross sectional and short prospective study. Pan Afr Med J. 2013 Jul 12;15:97
Alcaide ML, Jayaweera D, Espinoza L et al. Wernicke's encephalopathy in AIDS: a preventable cause of fatal neurological deficit. Int J STD AIDS. 2003 Oct;14(10):712-3
Allard JP, Aghdassi E, Chau J et al. Effects of vitamin E and C supplementation on oxidative stress and viral load in HIV-infected subjects. AIDS. 1998 Sep 10;12(13):1653-9
Allard JP, Aghdassi E, Chau J et al. Effects of vitamin E and C supplementation on oxidative stress and viral load in HIV-infected subjects. AIDS. 1998 Sep 10;12(13):1653-9
Anukam KC, Osazuwa EO, Osadolor HB et al. Yogurt containing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 helps resolve moderate diarrhea and increases CD4 count in HIV/AIDS patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;42(3):239-43
Asres K, Seyoum A, Veeresham C, Bucar F, Gibbons S. Naturally derived anti-HIV agents. Phytother Res. 2005 Jul;19(7):557-81
Atkuri KR, Mantovani JJ, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA. N-Acetylcysteine--a safe antidote for cysteine/glutathione deficiency. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007 Aug;7(4):355-9
Azabji-Kenfack M, Dikosso SE, Loni EG et al. Potential of Spirulina Platensis as a Nutritional Supplement in Malnourished HIV-Infected Adults in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Randomised, Single-Blind Study. Nutr Metab Insights. 2011 May 2;4:29-37
Balasubramanyam A, Coraza I, Smith EO et al. Combination of niacin and fenofibrate with lifestyle changes improves dyslipidemia and hypoadiponectinemia in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: results of "heart positive," a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul;96(7):2236-47
Batterham M, Gold J, Naidoo D et al. A preliminary open label dose comparison using an antioxidant regimen to determine the effect on viral load and oxidative stress in men with HIV/AIDS. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001 Feb;55(2):107-14
Baum MK, Campa A, Lai S et al. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on disease progression in asymptomatic, antiretroviral-naive, HIV-infected adults in Botswana: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Nov 27;310(20):2154-63
Baum MK, Lai S, Sales S et al. Randomized, controlled clinical trial of zinc supplementation to prevent immunological failure in HIV-infected adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jun 15;50(12):1653-60
Benedini S, Perseghin G, Terruzzi I et al. Effect of L-acetylcarnitine on body composition in HIV-related lipodystrophy. Horm Metab Res. 2009 Nov;41(11):840-5
Borges-Santos MD, Moreto F, Pereira PC et al. Plasma glutathione of HIV⁺ patients responded positively and differently to dietary supplementation with cysteine or glutamine. Nutrition. 2012 Jul;28(7-8):753-6
Bounous G, Baruchel S, Falutz J, Gold P. Whey proteins as a food supplement in HIV-seropositive individuals. Clin Invest Med. 1993 Jun;16(3):204-9
Bowers JM, Bert-Moreno A et al. Treatment of HAART-induced lactic acidosis with B vitamin supplements. Nutr Clin Pract. 2004 Aug;19(4):375-8
Buve A, Jespers V, Crucitti T et al. The vaginal microbiota and susceptibility to HIV. AIDS. 2014 Oct 23;28(16):2333-44
Calabrese C, Berman SH, Babish JG et al. A phase I trial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normal volunteers. Phytother Res. 2000 Aug;14(5):333-8
Cathcart R. (1984) Vitamin C in the treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Medical Hypothesis, 14(4), 423-433
Chen J, Shao J, Cai R et al. Anti-retroviral therapy decreases but does not normalize indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in HIV-infected patients. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 1;9(7):e100446
Cho YK Sung H, Lee HJ et al. Long-term intake of Korean red ginseng in HIV-1-infected patients: development of resistance mutation to zidovudine is delayed. Int Immunopharmacol. 2001 Jul;1(7):1295-1305
Chow DC, Stein JH, Seto TB, Mitchell C et al. Short-term effects of extended-release niacin on endothelial function in HIV-infected patients on stable antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2010 Apr 24;24(7):1019-23
Chun R, Liu NQ, Lee T, Schall JI et al. Vitamin D supplementation and antibacterial immune responses in adolescents and young adults with HIV/AIDS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015 Apr;148:290-297
Conesa-Botella A, Mathieu C, Colebunders R et al. Is vitamin D deficiency involved in the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome? AIDS Res Ther. 2009 Apr 21;6:4
Creagh T, Ruckle JL, Tolbert DT, Giltner J et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of single doses of (+)-calanolide a, a novel, naturally occurring nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy, human immunodeficiency virus-negative human subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 May;45(5):1379-86
Cruciani RA, Revuelta M, Dvorkin E et al. L-carnitine supplementation in patients with HIV/AIDS and fatigue: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2015 Feb 19;7:65-73
d'Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G, Giustini N et al. Taming HIV-related inflammation with physical activity: a matter of timing. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2014 Oct;30(10):936-44
de Menezes Barbosa EG1, Júnior FB2 et al. A longer time of exposure to antiretroviral therapy improves selenium levels. Clin Nutr. 2015 Apr;34(2):248-51
De Rosa SC, Zaretsky MD, Dubs JG et al. N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione in HIV infection. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000 Oct;30(10):915-29
De Souza Júnior O, Treitinger A, Baggio GL et al. alpha-Tocopherol as an antiretroviral therapy supplement for HIV-1-infected patients for increased lymphocyte viability. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43(4):376-82
Delmas-Beauvieux MC, Peuchant E, Couchouron A et al. The enzymatic antioxidant system in blood and glutathione status in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients: effects of supplementation with selenium or beta-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Jul;64(1):101-7
Dillon DM, Stapleton JT. Selenium effects on HIV RNA and CD4 cell counts. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jul 23;167(14):1556-7; author reply 1557
Douek DC. 2013 Immune activation, HIV persistence, and the cure. Top. Antiviral Med. 21, 128 –132
Dröge W, Eck HP, Mihm S. HIV-induced cysteine deficiency and T-cell dysfunction--a rationale for treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Immunol Today. 1992 Jun;13(6):211-4
Dubé MP, Wu JW, Aberg JA, Deeg MA et al. Safety and efficacy of extended-release niacin for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in patients with HIV infection: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5148. Antivir Ther. 2006;11(8):1081-9
Duggal S, Chugh TD, Duggal AK. HIV and malnutrition: effects on immune system. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:784740
Feldman MB, Alexy ER, Thomas JA et al. The association between food insufficiency and HIV treatment outcomes in a longitudinal analysis of HIV-infected individuals in New York City. Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015 Feb 27
Folkers K, Langsjoen P, Nara Y, Muratsu K et al. Biochemical deficiencies of coenzyme Q10 in HIV-infection and exploratory treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Jun 16;153(2):888-96
Forrester JE, Sztam KA. Micronutrients in HIV/AIDS: is there evidence to change the WHO 2003 recommendations? Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Dec;94(6):1683S-1689S
Foster HD. How HIV-1 causes AIDS: implications for prevention and treatment. Med Hypotheses. 2004;62(4):549-53
Fuchs J, Schöfer H, Milbradt R et al. Studies on lipoate effects on blood redox state in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Arzneimittelforschung. 1993 Dec;43(12):1359-62
Gallo RC. A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years. Retrovirology. 2006 Oct 20;3:72
García-de-la-Asunción J, Gómez-Cambronero LG et al. Vitamins C and E prevent AZT-induced leukopenia and loss of cellularity in bone marrow. Studies in mice. Free Radic Res. 2007 Mar;41(3):330-4
Gautam N, Dayal R, Agarwal D et al. Role of multivitamins, micronutrients and probiotics supplementation in management of HIV infected children. Indian J Pediatr. 2014 Dec;81(12):1315-20
Gerber MT, Mondy KE, Yarasheski KE et al. Niacin in HIV-infected individuals with hyperlipidemia receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 1;39(3):419-25
Giacomet V, Vigano A, Manfredini V et al. Cholecalciferol supplementation in HIV-infected youth with vitamin D insufficiency: effects on vitamin D status and T-cell phenotype: a randomized controlled trial. HIV Clin Trials. 2013 Mar-Apr;14(2):51-60
Gil L, Lewis L, Martínez G, Tarinas A et al. Effect of increase of dietary micronutrient intake on oxidative stress indicators in HIV/AIDS patients. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2005 Jan;75(1):19-27
Gorter RW, van Wely M, Reif M, Stoss M. Tolerability of an extract of European mistletoe among immunocompromised and healthy individuals. Altern Ther Health Med. 1999 Nov;5(6):37-44, 47-8
Harakeh S, Jariwalla RJ, Pauling L. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication by ascorbate in chronically and acutely infected cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(18):7245-9
Harakeh S, Niedzwiecki A, Jariwalla RJ. Mechanistic aspects of ascorbate inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus. Chem Biol Interact. 1994 Jun;91(2-3):207-15
Hattori T, Ikematsu S, Koito A et al. Preliminary evidence for inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizin on HIV replication in patients with AIDS. Antiviral Res. 1989 Jun-Jul;11(5-6):255-61
Havers F, Smeaton L, Gupte N, Detrick B et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is associated with HIV disease progression and virological failure post-antiretroviral therapy initiation in diverse multinational settings. J Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;210(2):244-53
Havers FP, Detrick B, Cardoso SW, Berendes S et al. Change in vitamin d levels occurs early after antiretroviral therapy initiation and depends on treatment regimen in resource-limited settings. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 21;9(4):e95164
Hemsworth JC, Hekmat S, Reid G. Micronutrient supplemented probiotic yogurt for HIV-infected adults taking HAART in London, Canada. Gut Microbes. 2012 Sep-Oct;3(5):414-9
Herzmann C, Whiting SJ, Thomas M et al. Pharmacokinetics of acetyl-L-carnitine given in single or multiple doses to HIV-1 Infected patients with toxic peripheral polyneuropathy. Open AIDS J. 2008;2:39-42
Hu H, Merenstein DJ, Wang C et al. Impact of eating probiotic yogurt on colonization by Candida species of the oral and vaginal mucosa in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women. Mycopathologia. 2013 Oct;176(3-4):175-81
Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM et al. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jan 22;167(2):148-54
Irlam JH, Siegfried N, Visser ME, Rollins NC. Micronutrient supplementation for children with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 11;10:CD010666
Irvine SL, Hummelen R, Hekmat S et al. Probiotic yogurt consumption is associated with an increase of CD4 count among people living with HIV/AIDS. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Oct;44(9):e201-5
Isanaka S, Mugusi F, Hawkins C et al. Effect of high-dose vs standard-dose multivitamin supplementation at the initiation of HAART on HIV disease progression and mortality in Tanzania: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012 Oct 17;308(15):1535-44
Itinoseki Kaio DJ, Rondó PH, Luzia LA et al. Vitamin E concentrations in adults with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Nutrients. 2014 Sep 15;6(9):3641-52
Jariwalla RJ, Lalezari J, Cenko D et al. Restoration of blood total glutathione status and lymphocyte function following alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in patients with HIV infection. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Mar;14(2):139-46
Jaruga P, Jaruga B, Gackowski D et al. Supplementation with antioxidant vitamins prevents oxidative modification of DNA in lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Mar 1;32(5):414-20
Jiang S, He J, Zhao X, Li H. The effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation on mortality and morbidity of HIV-infected adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2012;58(2):105-12
Kaio DJ, Rondó PH, Souza JM et al. Vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations in adults with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2013;59(6):496-502
Kaiser JD, Campa AM, Ondercin JP et al. Micronutrient supplementation increases CD4 count in HIV-infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy: a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006 Aug 15;42(5):523-8
Kakalia S, Sochett EB, Stephens D et al. Vitamin D supplementation and CD4 count in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr. 2011 Dec;159(6):951-7
Kamwesiga J, Mutabazi V, Kayumba J et al. Effect of selenium supplementation on CD4+ T-cell recovery, viral suppression and morbidity of HIV-infected patients in Rwanda: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS. 2015 Apr 13. [Epub ahead of print]
Kodama M, Kodama T. The effect of vitamin-C infusion treatment on immune disorders - an invitation to a trial in AIDS patients. Int J Oncol. 1994 Apr;4(4):831-8
Lachmann R, Bevan MA, Kim S, Patel N et al. A comparative phase 1 clinical trial to identify anti-infective mechanisms of vitamin D in people with HIV infection. AIDS. 2015 Apr 13
Lebouché B, Jenabian MA, Singer J et al. The role of extended-release niacin on immune activation and neurocognition in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy - CTN PT006: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014 Oct 7;15:390
Lewin SR, Evans VA, Elliott JH et al. Finding a cure for HIV: will it ever be achievable? J Int AIDS Soc. 2011 Jan 24;14:4
Liu C, Wang C, Robison E et al. Short-term garlic supplementation and highly active antiretroviral treatment adherence, CD4+ cell counts, and human immunodeficiency virus viral load. Altern Ther Health Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;18(1):18-22
Lodha R, Shah N, Mohari N et al. Immunologic effect of zinc supplementation in HIV-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 Aug 1;66(4):386-92
Loignon M, Brodeur H, Deschênes S et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy and chronic HIV infection affect serum retinoid concentrations: longitudinal and cross-sectional assessments. AIDS Res Ther. 2012 Feb 1;9:3.
Longenecker CT, Hileman CO, Carman TL et al. Vitamin D supplementation and endothelial function in vitamin D deficient HIV-infected patients: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Antivir Ther. 2012;17(4):613-21
Lu WB, Wen RX, Guan CF. [A report on 8 seronegative converted HIV/AIDS patients with traditional Chinese medicine]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1997 May;17(5):271-3
Lu'o'ng, Nguyễn LT. The role of thiamine in HIV infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2013 Apr;17(4):e221-7
Maggie Z, He G, Wang H. Effects of nutritional supplementation on children with HIV/AIDS in China. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2012 Mar;37(3):305-10
Mandas A, Iorio EL, Congiu MG et al. Oxidative imbalance in HIV-1 infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2009;2009:749575
Manzardo C, Guardo AC, Letang E et al. Opportunistic infections and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1-infected adults in the combined antiretroviral therapy era: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015 Apr 10:1-17
Marston B, De Cock KM. Multivitamins, nutrition, and antiretroviral therapy for HIV disease in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 1;351(1):78-80
Mbah AU, Udeinya IJ, Shu EN, Chijioke CP et al. Fractionated neem leaf extract is safe and increases CD4+ cell levels in HIV/AIDS patients. Am J Ther. 2007 Jul-Aug;14(4):369-74
Merenstein D, Wang C, Gandhi M et al. An investigation of the possible interaction between the use of Vitamin C and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence and effectiveness in treated HIV+ women. Complement Ther Med. 2012 Aug;20(4):222-7
Micke P, Beeh KM, Buhl R. Effects of long-term supplementation with whey proteins on plasma glutathione levels of HIV-infected patients. Eur J Nutr. 2002 Feb;41(1):12-8
Milazzo L, Menzaghi B, Caramma I et al. Effect of antioxidants on mitochondrial function in HIV-1-related lipoatrophy: a pilot study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010 Nov;26(11):1207-14
Mirmonsef P, Spear GT. The barrier to HIV transmission provided by genital tract Lactobacillus colonization. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2014 Jun;71(6):531-6
Mohraz M, Sedaghat A, SeyedAlinaghi S et al. Post marketing surveillance on safety and efficacy of IMOD in Iranian patients with HIV/AIDS. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2013 Feb;13(1):71-4
Moreno YF, Sgarbieri VC, da Silva MN et al. Features of whey protein concentrate supplementation in children with rapidly progressive HIV infection. J Trop Pediatr. 2006 Feb;52(1):34-8
Mori K, Sakai H, Suzuki S et al. Effects of glycyrrhizin (SNMC: Stronger Neo-Minophagen C) in hemophilia patients with HIV-1 infection. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1990 Oct;162(2):183-93
Morris D, Guerra C, Khurasany M et al. Glutathione supplementation improves macrophage functions in HIV. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2013 May;33(5):270-9
Müller F, Svardal AM, Nordoy I et al. Virological and immunological effects of antioxidant treatment in patients with HIV infection. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000 Oct;30(10):905-14
Müri RM, Von Overbeck J et al. Thiamin deficiency in HIV-positive patients: evaluation by erythrocyte transketolase activity and thiamin pyrophosphate effect. Clin Nutr. 1999 Dec;18(6):375-8
Murray MF, Langan M, MacGregor RR. Increased plasma tryptophan in HIV-infected patients treated with pharmacologic doses of nicotinamide. Nutrition. 2001 Jul-Aug;17(7-8):654-6
Murray MF. Tryptophan depletion and HIV infection: a metabolic link to pathogenesis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 Oct;3(10):644-52
Nakagawa F, Lodwick RK, Smith CJ et al. Projected life expectancy of people with HIV according to timing of diagnosis. AIDS. 2012 Jan 28;26(3):335-43
Ngo-Matip ME, Pieme CA, Azabji-Kenfack M et al. Effects of Spirulina platensis supplementation on lipid profile in HIV-infected antiretroviral naïve patients in Yaounde-Cameroon: a randomized trial study. Lipids Health Dis. 2014 Dec 13;13:191
Nguyen D, Hsu JW, Jahoor F, Sekhar RV. Effect of increasing glutathione with cysteine and glycine supplementation on mitochondrial fuel oxidation, insulin sensitivity, and body composition in older HIV-infected patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jan;99(1):169-77
Nikolaeva LG, Maystat TV, Masyuk LA et al. Changes in CD4+ T-cells and HIV RNA resulting from combination of anti-TB therapy with Dzherelo in TB/HIV dually infected patients. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2009 Feb 6;2:87-93
Nikolaeva LG, Maystat TV, Volyanskii YL et al. Effect of immunomodulating adjuvant dzherelo (Immunoxel) in HIV infected patients receiving standard antiretroviral therapy. Open Virol J. 2009 May 5;3:31-6
Olatunya OS, Olatunya AM, Anyabolu HC et al. Preliminary trial of aloe vera gruel on HIV infection. J Altern Complement Med. 2012 Sep;18(9):850-3
Olsen MF, Abdissa A, Kæstel P et al. Effects of nutritional supplementation for HIV patients starting antiretroviral treatment: randomised controlled trial in Ethiopia. BMJ. 2014 May 15;348:g3187. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g3187
Onifade AA, Jewell AP, Adedeji WA. Nigella sativa concoction induced sustained seroreversion in HIV patient. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2013 Aug 12;10(5):332-5
Onifadee AA, Jewel AP, Okesina AB. Virologic and immunologic outcome of treatment of HIV infection with a herbal concoction, α-Zam, among clients seeking herbal remedy in Nigeria. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2011;8(1):37-44
Onifadee AA, Jewel AP, Okesina AB. Virologic and immunologic outcome of treatment of HIV infection with a herbal concoction, α-Zam, among clients seeking herbal remedy in Nigeria. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2011;8(1):37-44
Papparella I, Ceolotto G et al. Vitamin C prevents zidovudine-induced NAD(P)H oxidase activation and hypertension in the rat. Cardiovasc Res. 2007 Jan 15;73(2):432-8
Passaretti C, Gupta A. Selenium and HIV-1: hope or hype? Arch Intern Med. 2007 Dec 10;167(22):2530-1
Paydary K, Emamzadeh-Fard S, Khorram Khorshid HR et al. Safety and efficacy of Setarud (IMOD TM ) among people living with HIV/AIDS: a review. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2012 Apr;7(1):66-72
Petrova MI, van den Broek M, Balzarini J, Vanderleyden J, Lebeer S. Vaginal microbiota and its role in HIV transmission and infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2013 Sep;37(5):762-92.
Ross DA, Cousens S et al. Does selenium supplementation slow progression of HIV? Potentially misleading presentation of the results of a trial. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jul 23;167(14):1555-6; author reply 1557
Sandler NG, Sereti I. Can early therapy reduce inflammation? Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2014 Jan;9(1):72-9
Sandstrom PA, Murray J, Folks TM et al. Antioxidant defenses influence HIV-1 replication and associated cytopathic effects. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 Jun;24(9):1485-91
Sasaki H, Takei M, Kobayashi M et al. Effect of glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots, on HIV replication in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-seropositive patients. Pathobiology. 2002-2003;70(4):229-36
Schmidt SV, Schultze JL. New Insights into IDO Biology in Bacterial and Viral Infections. Front Immunol. 2014 Aug 11;5:384
Sheehan HB, Benetucci J, Muzzio E et al. High rates of serum selenium deficiency among HIV- and HCV-infected and uninfected drug users in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Public Health Nutr. 2012 Mar;15(3):538-45
Simpore J, Zongo F, Kabore F, Dansou D et al. Nutrition rehabilitation of HIV-infected and HIV-negative undernourished children utilizing spirulina. Ann Nutr Metab. 2005 Nov-Dec;49(6):373-80
Slain D, Amsden JR et al. Effect of high-dose vitamin C on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of the protease inhibitor indinavir in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy. 2005 Feb;25(2):165-70
Somsouk M, Estes JD, Deleage C, Dunham RM et al. Gut epithelial barrier and systemic inflammation during chronic HIV infection. AIDS. 2015 Jan 2;29(1):43-51
Spada C, Treitinger A, Reis M, Masokawa IY et al. The effect of N-acetylcysteine supplementation upon viral load, CD4, CD8, total lymphocyte count and hematocrit in individuals undergoing antiretroviral treatment. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002 May;40(5):452-5
Stallings VA, Schall JI, Hediger ML et al. High-dose Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Children and Young Adults with HIV: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015 Feb;34(2):e32-40
Steenhoff AP, Schall JI, Samuel J et al. Vitamin D₃ supplementation in Batswana children and adults with HIV: a pilot double blind randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015 Feb 23;10(2):e0117123
Stephensen CB, Marquis GS, Jacob RA et al. Vitamins C and E in adolescents and young adults with HIV infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Apr;83(4):870-9
Stillwaggon E. Complexity, cofactors, and the failure of AIDS policy in Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2009 Jul 10;12:12
Stone ca, Kawai K, Kupka R et al. The role of selenium in HIV infection. Nutr Rev. 2010 November ; 68(11): 671–681.
Sung H, Kang SM, Lee MS et al. Korean red ginseng slows depletion of CD4 T cells in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005 Apr;12(4):497-501
Taylor EW. The oxidative stress-induced niacin sink (OSINS) model for HIV pathogenesis. Toxicology. 2010 Nov 28;278(1):124-30
Teas J, Irhimeh MR. Dietary algae and HIV/AIDS: proof of concept clinical data. J Appl Phycol. 2012 Jun;24(3):575-582
Tenorio AR, Zheng Y, Bosch RJ, Krishnan S et al. Soluble markers of inflammation and coagulation but not T-cell activation predict non-AIDS-defining morbid events during suppressive antiretroviral treatment. J Infect Dis. 2014 Oct 15;210(8):1248-59
Treitinger A, Spada C, Masokawa IY et al. Effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on lymphocyte apoptosis, lymphocyte viability, TNF-alpha and IL-8 in HIV-infected patients undergoing anti-retroviral treatment. Braz J Infect Dis. 2004 Oct;8(5):363-71
Usach I, Melis V, Peris JE. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a review on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013 Sep 4;16:1-14
Usha PR, Naidu MU, Raju YS. Evaluation of the antiretroviral activity of a new polyherbal drug (Immu-25) in patients with HIV infection. Drugs R D. 2003;4(2):103-9
Van den Nieuwboer M, Brummer RJ, Guarner F et al. The administration of probiotics and synbiotics in immune compromised adults: is it safe? Benef Microbes. 2015 Mar;6(1):3-17
Villar-García J, Hernández JJ, Güerri-Fernández R et al. Effect of probiotics (Saccharomyces boulardii) on microbial translocation and inflammation in HIV-treated patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015 Mar 1;68(3):256-63
Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Dunham RM, Iwai S, Maher MC et al. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with HIV disease progression and tryptophan catabolism. Sci Transl Med. 2013 Jul 10;5(193):193ra91
Wilson NL, Moneyham LD, Alexandrov AW. A systematic review of probiotics as a potential intervention to restore gut health in HIV infection. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2013 Mar-Apr;24(2):98-111.
Winkler P, Ellinger S, Boetzer AM et al. Lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis in HIV-seropositive and healthy subjects during long-term ingestion of fruit juices or a fruit-vegetable-concentrate rich in polyphenols and antioxidant vitamins. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 Feb;58(2):317-25
Winter FS, Emakam F, Kfutwah A, Hermann J et al. The effect of Arthrospira platensis capsules on CD4 T-cells and antioxidative capacity in a randomized pilot study of adult women infected with human immunodeficiency virus not under HAART in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Nutrients. 2014 Jul 23;6(7):2973-86
Wohl DA, Orkin C, Doroana M et al. Change in vitamin D levels and risk of severe vitamin D deficiency over 48 weeks among HIV-1-infected, treatment-naive adults receiving rilpivirine or efavirenz in a Phase III trial (ECHO). Antivir Ther. 2014;19(2):191-200
Yao WH, Zhao W, Wu YW et al. [Effect of compound glycyrrhizin on peripheral T-lymphocyte subset in AIDS patients]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2006 Jul;12(7):598-601
Youle M, Osio M; ALCAR Study Group. A double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of acetyl L-carnitine in the symptomatic treatment of antiretroviral toxic neuropathy in patients with HIV-1 infection. HIV Med. 2007 May;8(4):241-50
Youle M. Acetyl-L-carnitine in HIV-associated antiretroviral toxic neuropathy. CNS Drugs. 2007;21 Suppl 1:25-30; discussion 45-6
Zhao HL, Sun CZ, Jiang WP et al. Eight-year survival of AIDS patients treated with Chinese herbal medicine. Am J Chin Med. 2014;42(2):261-74
Zou W, Liu Y, Wang J, Li H, Liao X. Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines for Treating HIV Infections and AIDS. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:950757